text: www.enisa.europa.eu European Union Agency For Network And Information Security

text: Communication network interdependencies in Smart Grids Methodology for the identification of Critical Communication Networks Links and Components

text: Kun L. and Mathews, R. "Interoperability & Critical Infrastructure Protection: A Review of Activities To Ensure the Reliability of the U.S. Electric Power Grid", IEEE-USA, 2007.

text: Figure 1: Methodology used to carry out the study.

text: Collection of experts Identification Desktop Conclusions and and stakeholders point Analysis Workshop of experts Research recommendations of view

text: Figure 2: End-to-End smart grid communications architecture .

text: IEEE P2030/D.50. “Draft Guide for Smart Grid interoperability of energy technology and information technology and information technology operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and end-user applications and loads”, IEEE SA Standards Board, 2011. ENISA “Smart Grid Security. Annex I. General concepts and dependencies with ICT”, 2012.

text: Figure 3: Basic network architecture .

text: AL-OMAR B. et al. "Role of Information and Communication Technologies in the Smart Grid. Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences”, in Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, 2012.

text: Expert Group on the security and resilience of Communication networks and Information systems for Smart Grids. “Work Package 2.3 Research Smart Grid communication protocols and infrastructures to incorporate data security measures”, 2012.

text: SULEIMAN H. et al. “Inter-Domain Analysis of Smart Grid Domain Dependencies Using Domain-Link Matrices”, Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions, 2012. KORKALI M. et al. “Reducing Cascading Failure Risk by Increasing Infrastructure Network Interdependency”, arXiv, 2015.

text: Figure 4: A disturbance in (1) causes edge failures (2) in the power grid, as well as node and edge failures (3) in the communication network.

text: BULDYREV S.V. et al. “Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks”, Nature, 2010. GHANSAH I. et al. “R & D Themes for Cyber Security in the Smart Grid”, 2010.

text: ANGELETTI V. et al. “Italian Case Study: socio-economic impact analysis of a cyber-attack to a power plant in an Italian scenario. Cost and benefit estimation of CIPS standard adoptions”, 2014. Solution Brief, “Advanced Wireless Backhaul for the Smart Grid”, CERAGON, 2014. ENISA. “Communication networks dependencies in Smart Grids”, 2014.

text: CEN-CENELEC-ETSI, “SGAM User Manual - Applying, testing & refining the Smart Grid Architecture Model”, Smart Grid Coordination Group, 2014.

text: BARTOSZEWICZ-BURCZY H. et al. “Polish case study. Scenario based assessment of costs and benefits of adoption of comprehensive CIP standards”, 2014.

text: Figure 5: Map of ENTSO-E systems.

text: ENTSO-E. “Operation Handbook. P6 - Policy 6: Communication Infrastructure”, 2008.

text: (16 and17) the visibility of control systems assumed to be disconnected from the Internet. Project Shine for example gave reason to question such assumptions. Operators of increasingly complex systems need to test and check for the possible visibility of devices.  Private Networks: the Electronic Highway can be considered as a private network, as it is isolated from the rest of the networks and the Internet. Only protocols specified by the TRM (Electronic Highway Technical Reference Manual) should be used. Point-to-point connections should be used to interconnect devices through the EH network.  Dedicated network for data exchange: The EH is the main and preferred communication channel for data exchanges among TSOs related to operation. The EH should also be used as communication media for data exchanges among TSOs related to market.  Incorporation of new protocols and applications: it is possible to add new protocols, apart from the ones predefined on the TRM; however it has to be done following the process defined on it.  Requirement for EH interconnections: several standard requirements have been defined, being the following the most relevant ones:  Communication redundancy should always be ensured, by using more than one point-to-point lines for each TSO. This guarantees the stability of the EH backbone.  Speed and availability should also be controlled in order to obtain stable communications.  All data exchanged must be transmitted over the EH from the sender to the recipient uncorrupted, in sequence and in a timely manner to guarantee integrity.  TSOs responsibilities: the following responsibilities have been established for TSOs for the security operation of the EH network:  Take appropriate measures to protect the Electronic Highway and each connected TSO against any potential risks such as operation disruption or data corruption and disclosure of confidential data.  Protect against any unauthorised access to the EH.  Perform periodic malware checks.  Monitor and guarantee the availability of EH components in their domain.  Check physical line and SCADA connection redundancy.  Manage their own network components (such as routers, gateways or physical lines).

text: Project SHINE (SHodan INtelligence Extraction), “Findings report”, 2014. Retrieved on the 21-09-2015 from: http://www.slideshare.net/BobRadvanovsky/project-shine-findings-report-dated-1oct2014 Radvanovsky, B. and Brodsky, J. “Project SHINE: What we discovered and why you should care”, ICS Security Summit, 2015. Retrieved on the 21-09-2015 from: https://files.sans.org/summit/ics2015/PDFs/Project_SHINE_ What_We_Discovered_and_Why_You_Should_Care_Bob_Radvanovsky_Infracritical.pdf Section 3.3.1, “APT attack on industrial installations in Germany”, The State of IT Security in Germany 2014. Retrieved 21- 09-2015 from: https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/Publications/Securitys ituation/IT-Security-Situationin-Germany-2014_pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile

text: ENISA https://resilience.enisa.europa.eu/internet-infrastructure-security-and-resilience-reference-group/threats

text: ALOULA F. et al. “Smart Grid Security: Threats, Vulnerabilities and Solutions”, International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy, 2012. ENISA “Smart Grid Threat Landscape and Good Practice Guide”, ENISA, 2013. ENISA “Smart Grid Security. Annex II. Security aspects of the smart grid”, 2012.

text: Figure 6: Main threats to Smart grid intercommunications.

text: CATEGORY THREAT VARIANTS ASSETS AFFECTED

text: Advanced Persistent Threats N/A Overall systems (APTs)

text: Channel jamming Distributed denial of service Communication networks

text: DNS spoofing / poisoning DNS attacks Communication networks DNS registrar hijacking Generation and use of rogue N/A End-user systems certificates Identity theft N/A Personnel and operators Malicious code injection Injection attacks End-point systems Malformed data injection Nefarious activity Exploit kits Malicious code End-point systems Virus/Worms/Trojans/Malware Internal/sensitive information Social engineering Phishing Personnel and operators Privilege escalation Password attacks End-point systems Unauthorized access to systems Unauthorized software installation Internal/sensitive information Use of restricted software Administration interfaces Control systems Web-based attacks Web services/applications End-point system applications Information theft N/A Internal/sensitive information Session hijacking MITM Masquerade Internal/sensitive information Eavesdropping, Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) interception and Mobile network interception Communication networks hijacking Wireless network interception Network reconnaissance Information gathering Internal/sensitive information Replay of messages N/A Communication networks

text: End-point system interfaces

text: Autonomous System (AS) hijacking Routing attacks Address space hijacking Communication networks Route leaks

text: Smart Meter connection N/A End-point systems hijacking

text: Communication networks War driving War flying Internal/sensitive information

text: Information integrity loss N/A Internal/sensitive information

text: Information leakage N/A Internal/sensitive information Deliberate data Information manipulation N/A Internal/sensitive information damage

text: End-point systems Trusted firmware N/A Communication networks

text: Channel interference N/A Communication networks

text: End-point systems Configuration errors N/A Control systems

text: Erroneous information sharing Unintentional information leakage Internal/sensitive information Unintentional data damage Systems End-point systems Erroneous use of devices Administration interfaces Control systems

text: Unintentional data alteration N/A Internal/sensitive information

text: Usage of information from N/A End-point systems unreliable sources

text: Communication system Network outage cascade effect Communication networks (network) outage Outages

text: Energy supply outage Energy supply outage cascade effect Communication networks

text: End-point systems Deliberate physical attacks N/A Communication systems

text: All systems Failures & malfunctions N/A Communication networks

text: All systems Natural disasters N/A Communication networks Other threats End-point systems

text: Future disruptive technologies Quantum Computing Communication networks Internal/sensitive information

text: Unintentional data corruption All systems Unintentional events Unintentional data leakage Communication networks Unintentional misconfigurations

text: Figure 7: Sample Smart grid attacks.

text: TARGET ELEMENT ATTACKS LEARNT LESSONS

text: Attack in Control Centre One of the worst scenarios considered included an attack to the Control Centre system. Due to a Distributed Denial of Service Network segmentation: System (DDoS) attack or malware infection, communications and control

text: NESCOR. “Electric Sector Failure Scenarios Common Vulnerabilities and Mitigations Mapping”, 2014. Threat Assessment framework for Critical Infrastructures proTection http://www.tacit-project.eu/content/home

text: TARGET ELEMENT ATTACKS LEARNT LESSONS

text: of the network was lost, causing an energy production halt. This  Provides privacy and isolation between could affect several systems in different countries. different system groups;  Protects devices and provides network

text: redundancy.

text:  Disable unnecessary services and Another scenario considered a data theft, where technical ports; information regarding internal workings and operations was  Implement secure protocols; Data theft leaked. This could be caused by malware on the computers, due  Use stronger encryption; to users having too many permissions or the use of weak  Optimize of data traffic (only necessary encryption or authentication protocols. data).

text:  Use robust and strong authentication

text: and encryption methods. This attack is carried out by using brute force to obtain user  Furthermore, the use of Secure FTP FTP server attack access. The attackers broke the password and obtained access, variants is recommended in order to but this did not have any relevant impact. avoid sending clear-text passwords throughout the network.

text: Public key infrastructures (PKI) can be used in order to: Alter the communication between two network components Man-in-the-Middle which are communicating directly. This process frequently  Provide mutual authentication (using secret keys and passwords); attacks (MITM) consists on monitoring the network, intercepting data transferred and using brute-force decryption.  Monitor cryptographic hash function

text: (latency);  Detect possible MITM attacks.

text: This includes employees, contractors or external users, which can  Implementation of an access control

text: potentially damage an organization from the inside. Their motive and monitoring system capable of Internal employee can be varied, including revenge, monetary gain, or espionage. In detecting these types of incidents. incidents addition, employees who are ill-prepared could unknowingly  Provide training and awareness become a security risk. courses to inform users of these risks.

text: There is a lack of common standards about the security of devices The main objective is to define a standard on a Smart grid. In addition, there are too many devices, (such as NERC CIP) that covers the security Lack of Standardization considerably dispersed. The consequences of this lack of vulnerabilities that affect these devices (user standardization include an increase of the vulnerabilities that privileges, data analysis, protection, etc.). could be exploited.

text: Electric Vehicles require additional connections in order to Experts are working on solutions to these Electric Vehicle exchange the necessary data for its proper operation. These risks, analysing new protocols and interfaces vulnerable connections connections use well known protocols by attackers (such as used, and defining the appropriate security Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or GPRS). measures to protect them.

text:  One the biggest concerns relates to

text: Social engineering attacks (e.g. Phishing) have increased internal threats. Organizations should exponentially these last years, and have become one of the ensure that their employees are aware Social engineering biggest concerns for security experts. These attacks focus on the of the threats they face in order to personnel and their aim is to steal operational or business data, maintain a good level of security. user credentials, private data, etc.  Awareness campaigns can be used to

text: train employees.

text: The risk of external disruptive events always exists (natural The major challenge with these situations is DDoS and blackouts disasters, malicious attacks, etc.) and will impair or disrupt the trying to prevent them and improve existing ability to supply electrical energy and could damage the control mitigation measures and service restoration

text: TARGET ELEMENT ATTACKS LEARNT LESSONS

text: systems. Most of DDoS attacks consist on overflowing these plans. For example, getting more redundant systems with traffic from multiple sources. systems to avoid communication blackouts.

text:  The physical protection of metering These weaknesses could potentially be exploited by an attacker devices should be robust. Authentication in order to gain access to the system or to internal data. These  Electric metering devices now have the (encryption, weak level) situations could act as a previous step for more elaborate attacks computational power needed to (system damage, information theft, blackouts, etc.). implement cryptographic measures, although this is not always done.

text: ENISA. “Appropriate security measures for smart grids”, 2012. FAN Z. et al. “Smart Grid Communications: Overview of Research Challenges, Solutions, and Standardization Activities”, IEEE, 2013.

text: FINARDI U. et al. “Considerations on the implementation of SCADA standards on critical infrastructures of power grids”, CNR Ceris, 2013.

text: WANG W. & LU Z. “Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges”, Computer Networks, 2013.

text: Presentation “Challenges Regarding Security & Reliability of the Communications Infrastructure in Smart Grids”, Dr. Markus Wächter, 2015

text: ENISA. “Smart Grid Security Certification in Europe: Challenges and recommendations”, 2014.

text: GARCÍA GUTIÉRREZ F. and RAGAZZI E. “Trial evaluation: conclusive lessons from Essence case studies”, Rapporto tecnico N.42, 2014

text: GHANSAH I. “Best Practices for Handling Smart Grid Cyber Security”, California State University Sacramento, 2014. MACKENZIE H. “Connecting and Securing Legacy Electrical. Substations to the Smart Grid”, Belden, 2015. ENISA. “Good Practices in Resilient Internet Interconnection”, 2012. ENISA “Recommendations for Europe and Member States”, 2012. NIST. “Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security”, 2010.

text: Figure 8: Good practices.

text: ASSOCIATED CATEGORY GOOD PRACTICES ATTACKS

text: GP01 - Organisational security framework Implementation: describes the implementation process of the security plans.

text: GP02 - Password policy: it is necessary to establish a strong and robust password policy. This can Attack in Control sometimes require employee training regarding how to choose robust passwords and their Centre System, impact in their work processes. Awareness against social engineering is also recommended on Data Theft, this point. Authentication Organizational exploiting GP03 - Data Policy: data must be classified according to their security level, which has to be security policies applied throughout the whole lifecycle of the data up to the point where is destroyed. The (smart grid classification levels have to be clearly defined as part of the corporate security policy. communications) GP04 - Incident Response: it is necessary to define the process to manage security incidents. This includes all stages: detection, investigation, analysis, mitigation, disaster recovery (business continuity plans), and post evaluation (define measures to prevent future incidents). All attacks (faster detection GP05 - Relations with compatible providers: communication channels between providers and and mitigation) other third parties can be used to receive assistance and share relevant information to prevent large-scale incidents or attacks.

text: GP06 - Vulnerability assessments in communication networks: vulnerability assessments should Exploit attacks Annual be carried out annually for all critical elements of the smart grid networks to verify their security to outdated assessments level and detect any possible vulnerability. Non-critical devices should still be assessed, although elements that need not be done annually.

text: GP07 - Security by Design: security considerations need to be included on the initial phases of Security by Design the smart grid design, to ensure better compatibility. Failure to do this will most likely lead to All attacks much higher implementation costs.

text: MITM, GP08 - Mutual authentication: the origin and destination of all communications must be known. Mutual Information By using mutual authentication, both the server and the host verify each other’s identity. This is authentication theft, identity usually done using TLS or IPsec protocols, or by implementing a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). spoofing

text: GP09 - Virtual Private Networks: these networks should be used to establish a connection within MITM, Virtual private two devices on the communications’ architecture. These connections establish a secure point-to- Eavesdropping, network point communication through the network by using tunnelling and encryption protocols. It is information especially recommended as a means of connecting remotely to a system. theft

text: GP10 - Communication service providers: utilities are not used to manage large complex DoS, DNS communication networks, as their focus is the power grid. For this purpose, it is recommended attacks, to make use of third party telecommunication companies that will be in charge of maintaining unauthorized Third-party and securing the network communications. access companies GP11 - Supply Chain Management: system security is only as strong as its weakest link; therefore Social when working with third-party providers, it is fundamental to define a management process to Engineering, ensure that all security requirements are met.

text: OSCE. “Good Practices Guide on Non-Nuclear Critical Energy Infrastructure Protection (NNCEIP) from Terrorist Attacks Focusing on Threats Emanating from Cyberspace”, OSCE Publications, 2013.

text: information theft

text: Unauthorized physical access, GP12 - Physical access rules: physical access to the elements of the network must be restricted; information personnel must only have access to those systems/infrastructures specifically required. theft, deliberate damage Physical security Unauthorized GP13 - SCADA networks: periodical surveys to verify the physical security of the remote sites physical access, connected to the SCADA network. deliberate damage

text: Attacks related GP14 - Software updates: an update process that ensures that all the elements of the network to exploit Software updates are up-to-date and protected against newly discovered vulnerabilities or bugs should be outdated established. systems (Data Theft, DDoS…)

text: GP15 - Advanced IDS modes: the use of host-based defence mode and of Domain Specific IDS is highly recommended to boost the security of the network, especially of the most sensitive segments. As this cannot be always achieved, it is recommended to complement it by including Unauthorized Network Intrusion a baseline of the operations and expected flows to detect any anomalies. access, Detection/Preven information tion Systems GP16 - System unification: to improve the defence of the network, it is highly recommended to theft, malicious (IDS/IPS) unite all IDS/IPS systems in one “group”, allowing operators to gain comprehensive situational code awareness. This approach is more comprehensive in terms of security and event monitoring, and provides better protection for the overall network.

text: Employee GP17 - Employee awareness, training, and education: employee awareness is fundamental in awareness, order to prevent attacks and fraud. Teaching employees to detect attack patterns, risks, fraud Social training and and social engineering attacks. It is recommended to include this point as part as the corporate Engineering education security policy and carry out periodical awareness campaigns.

text: GP18 - n-1 contingency: the system should be distributed in a way that a failure of one device will Contingency not cause a communications outage in a section of the network. This can be achieved with Denial of Service readiness redundant communication devices that ensure that no device is connected only through one Attack, Outages path.

text: Unauthorized GP19 - Manufacturer code and software validation: systems should only run the intended access, Malware functions and applications they were designed to. Manufacturers should provide means to information protection validate the software and firmware installed on the system. theft, malicious code

text: GP20 - Network segmentation: the network should be divided into sections, each one for different purposes, to protect the systems within. This allows the protection of especially sensitive network components, such as the AMI segment or the control systems segment. This helps to limit unauthorized accesses to one segment to gain access to other sections of the network. Unauthorized access, malicious Secure network GP21 - Network assets as segregation elements: network segments have to be separated with code, network segregation security devices, including firewalls, gateways and filtering routers, to stop users from one outage cascade segment to access other segments, except if they are specifically allowed. effect GP22 - Use of firewalls and Demilitarized Zones (DMZs): limits within the internal network segments and the DMZs should be separated though the use of security devices (e.g. firewalls). These firewalls should be protocol-aware, including support for basic filtering of both protocols and command codes/instructions.

text: GP23 - Secure smart device communication: smart grid information systems should only make Information Secure network use of secure communication protocols (such as SSL/TLS). Additional security measures can be theft, MIT, communications taken in order to further protect these communications. identity theft,

text: GP24 - Secure communications used for remote administration: remote management and deliberate administration of the smart network systems must always be done though secure information manipulation communications or VPNs connections.

text: GP25 - Protocol compliance: communications though the network should only use protocols approved by the provider and which have been verified to work on the network and have security capabilities.

text: GP26 - External smart grid information systems: their communications should be always identified and protected to avoid corruption, tampering or loss.

text: GP27 - Access control points: Smart grid information system routes all remote accesses through a limited number of managed access control points.

text: GP28 - Only use authorized communication channels: communication and information flows should be defined and limited over the communication link.

text: GP29 - Secure network proxies: internal and external network connections should be routed via specifically hardened proxies, located on the DMZ.

text: GP30 - CSP redundancy: avoid depending on a single CSP, instead make use of several different ones.

text: GP31 - Secure communication protocols: In order to protect communications, it is necessary to use secure protocols.

text: GP32 - Smart SCADA audits: technical audits on SCADA devices and networks should be carried out regularly. The focus is to detect vulnerabilities and analyse them to determine the risk level they pose. This includes managing and overviewing the application of corrective actions.

text: GP33 - SCADA connections knowledge: it is necessary to build up a knowledge base of the SCADA networks and the devices contained in order to be able to evaluate their strength, detect possible improvement points and develop recovery plans. Information theft, MIT, GP34 - Disconnect unnecessary connections to the SCADA network: disconnect or isolate SCADA identity theft, SCADA security network devices and the SCADA network itself from the rest of devices. DMZ areas can be used deliberate for this purpose in various architectures. information GP35 - SCADA backdoor management: any backdoor access to the SCADA network should be manipulation closed unless strictly necessary. If it is not possible to close it, additional security measures should be taken in order to protect it as much as possible and avoid any potential derived risks.

text: GP36 - MTUs & RTUs: these devices should be protected, using Secure Architecture Designs and applying security features provided by the devices, as well as implementing IEC-60870, DNP 3.0 and Modbus protocols.

text: GP37 - Wireless networks: the following security measures can be used to protect networks in general (including Wi-Fi, ZigBee, WiMAX): Information theft, MITM,  Media Access Control (MAC) address filtering; identity theft, Wireless Area  AES encryption protocols; session Networks  Protection against masquerading parties; hijacking,  Access Control Lists (ACL); information  Trust Centre address configuration (ZigBee only); gathering  IEEE 802.11w-2009 and WPA (Wi-Fi only).

text: GP38 - Metering security standards: adopt an open-reference standard that defines the security Smart Meter measures that advanced meters should comply with. hijacking, information Advanced GP39 - Traffic control: implement session control and detection mechanisms capable of quickly theft, malicious Metering halting any suspicious sessions or communications. code, Infrastructure unauthorized GP40 - Network connection only for approved assets: authenticate and validate the identity of the metering assets on the network and restrict access to any unknown device. This access authentication is also used to provide data integrity.

text: GP41 - Authentication and integrity checks: validate and authenticate the origin of all system commands and meter readings to ensure that they have not been tampered with. Configurable firmware is the most vulnerable if these security checks are not carried out.

text: GP42 - Meter data encryption: this protects the data against tampering and ensures the privacy of any personal data transmitted.

text: GP43 - Consumer non‐repudiation: provide means to ensure that any data obtained is valid and its origin has been verified.

text: GP44 - Virtual Home command execution: all commands received from external sources should be tested firs in a “Virtual Home Command Execution” environment (a form of sandbox), to ensure that no negative effects occur from its application on the real environment.

text: GP45 - Head-end: possible security measures to implement are:  Authenticate all commands and reports between the Head-End and the customer endpoint.  Protect the Head-End systems with the same level of security as other critical assets.  Use strong user authentication on all Head-End systems and log all user actions.  Implement safety logic to prevent rapid changes in pricing information.  Carry out periodic integrity checks and audits.

text: GP46 - IP address verification: source IP addresses should always be verified, especially on those systems located on the edge of the Internet infrastructure, to prevent address spoofing. Denial of Service attacks, Denial of Service GP47 - DNS issues: name-server operators should implement measures, such as RRL, to protect communication protection against vulnerabilities that can be used to compromise the organizations’ network. network outage, GP48 - Denial of Service protection: anti-DDoS systems should be established to protect AMI DNS attacks systems and protect other devices on the network against Denial of Service and replay attacks.

text: GP49 - Asset inventory: an inventory containing all the assets and devices part of the network Unauthorized should be created and maintained in order to gain awareness of the whole network, avoiding Asset access, malicious missing any system or obscured/legacy section. Furthermore, this inventory should contain the management code, network vulnerabilities that affect each one in order to determine risks and possible threats to the outage network.

text: Figure 9: Good practices by domain.

text: SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION GOOD PRACTICES CAUSE (ECONOMICAL, TECHNICAL OR POLITICAL) DOMAIN COMPLEXITY

text: Communication network interdependencies in Smart Grids

text: Methodology for the identification of Critical Communication Networks Links and Components

text: GP17 - Employee Awareness, Economical: use of internal/external resources in People LOW Training and Education order to enhance personnel security awareness.

text: GP01 - Organisational security Economical: use additional resources in order to LOW framework Implementation implement the security plan on the organization.

text: Technical: enforce the correct password policy in both GP02 - Password policy LOW systems and devices.

text: Political: national or European Regulation regarding GP03 - Data Policy LOW data protection must be enforced.

text: Organisational: elaborate and implement an incident GP04 - Incident Response LOW management and response plan.

text: GP05 - Relations with compatible Organisational: collaborate with providers and MEDIUM providers suppliers regarding incidents.

text: GP06 - Vulnerability assessments in Economical: use internal/external resources in order HIGH communication networks to test security resiliency. Organizational

text: aspects GP10 - Communication service Economical: cost of contracting communication MEDIUM providers services to third party providers.

text: Organisational: establish security requirements to GP11 - Supply Chain Management MEDIUM suppliers and the contracted processes.

text: Organisational: define access rules according to the GP12 - Physical access rules LOW job requirements of the personnel.

text: Economical: test the physical security resiliency of the GP13 - SCADA networks MEDIUM SCADA networks.

text: Economical: deploy redundant network installations GP18 - n-1 contingency HIGH for transmission grid.

text: Technical: lack of knowledge of the assets within the GP49 - Asset inventory MEDIUM network may complicate their securitization.

text: Technical: hardware and network security awareness GP07 - Security by Design LOW for designers.

text: Technical: authenticate both ends of the GP08 - Mutual authentication MEDIUM communication to verify their identity.

text: Technical: design and implement security measures to GP09 - Virtual Private Networks MEDIUM the VPN connections to the network.

text: Technical: defining and implementing an update GP14 - Software updates HIGH process can be complex for real-time assets.

text: Economical: cost of deploying network defence GP15 - Advanced IDS modes MEDIUM Technical measures on the network infrastructure.

text: aspects Technical and organizational: design and

text: GP16 - System unification MEDIUM implementation costs, including the need of

text: collaboration between different companies.

text: Technical: integration of the Head-End systems on the GP45 - Head-End systems in MEDIUM AMI infrastructure, adaptation of the system and Advanced Meter Infrastructure application of new configuration.

text: GP19 - Manufacturer code and Technical: implement code execution validation HIGH software validation controls on the embedded systems.

text: Technical: design and implement network segregation. GP20 - Network segmentation MEDIUM Carry out test to verify connections.

text: GP21 - Network assets as Technical: device configuration to work with the MEDIUM segregation elements network segments. Implement firewall rules.

text: GP22 - Use of firewalls and Technical: implement and configure firewalls to MEDIUM Demilitarized Zones (DMZs) separate the DMZ of the rest of the network.

text: GP23 - Secure smart device Technical: update communication infrastructure to HIGH communication secure SCADA communications.

text: GP24 - Secure communications Technical: implement security measures to secure and MEDIUM used for remote administration protect remote communications.

text: Technical: protocols use for intercommunication must GP25 - Protocol compliance HIGH comply with applicable security standards.

text: GP26 - External smart grid Technical: implement security measures to all external HIGH information systems communications.

text: Technical: define needed access control points and GP27 - Access control points LOW limit all these not required.

text: GP28 - Only use authorized Technical: implement measures to ensure that only MEDIUM communication channels authorized channels are used.

text: Technical: implement and maintain network proxies GP29 - Secure network proxies MEDIUM on the network.

text: Economical: cost of maintaining contracts with several GP30 - CSP redundancy MEDIUM independent CSPs.

text: GP31 - Secure communication Technical: implement and deploy secure protocols MEDIUM protocols over the whole infrastructure.

text: Economical: cost of implementing periodical audits of GP32 - Smart SCADA audits HIGH the SCADA devices and infrastructure.

text: GP33 - SCADA connections Organisational: obtain or train personnel with MEDIUM knowledge knowledge on SCADA networks and devices.

text: GP34- Disconnect unnecessary Technical: implement and use only those SCADA MEDIUM connections to the SCADA network network devices needed.

text: GP35 - SCADA backdoor Technical: disable unneeded backdoors. Those MEDIUM management required will need to be protected.

text: Technical: deploy security measures to the RTUs and GP36 - MTUs & RTUs MEDIUM MTUs.

text: Technical: implement security measures to protect Wi- GP37 - Wireless networks MEDIUM Fi Communications.

text: GP38 - Metering Security standards MEDIUM Technical: comply with applicable standards.

text: Technical: implement traffic control mechanisms on GP39 - Traffic Control HIGH the AMI infrastructure.

text: GP40 - Network connection only Technical: configure network to restrict access to any MEDIUM for approved assets device not specifically approved.

text: GP41 - Authentication and integrity Technical: implement authentication and integrity HIGH checks checks on all devices on the network.

text: Technical: implement encryption protocols to protect GP42 - Meter data encryption MEDIUM consumer data.

text: Technical: implement non-repudiation mechanisms on GP43 - Consumer non‐repudiation MEDIUM the AMI infrastructure.

text: GP44 - Virtual Home command Technical: deploy virtual home environment for MEDIUM execution testing commands before sending them.

text: Technical: implement protection measures to the GP45 - Head-end HIGH Head-End systems of the AMI infrastructure.

text: Technical: implement fraud detection systems to GP46 - IP address verification MEDIUM detect unauthorized or suspicious IP addresses.

text: Technical: configure DNS to protect against known GP47 - DNS issues MEDIUM vulnerabilities and attacks.

text: Technical: implement anti-DDoS security measures on GP48 - Denial of Service protection HIGH the AMI network.

identifier: Communication network interdependencies in smart grids

publisher: Europeiska unionens cybersäkerhetsbyrå

sprak: en

title: Communication network interdependencies in smart grids

serie: rapporter

text: About ENISA

type: rubrik

text: The European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) is a centre of network and information security expertise for the EU, its member states, the private sector and Europe’s citizens. ENISA works with these groups to develop advice and recommendations on good practice in information security. It assists EU member states in implementing relevant EU legislation and works to improve the resilience of Europe’s critical information infrastructure and networks. ENISA seeks to enhance existing expertise in EU member states by supporting the development of cross-border communities committed to improving network and information security throughout the EU. More information about ENISA and its work can be found at www.enisa.europa.eu.

type: stycke

text: Authors and Contributors

text: Rossella Mattioli, ENISA Konstantinos Moulinos, ENISA

text: Contact

text: For contacting the authors please use resilience@enisa.europa.eu For media enquiries about this paper, please use press@enisa.europa.eu.

text: Acknowledgements

text: We have received valuable input and feedback from Maria Pilar TORRES BRUNA, everis Aerospace & Defense - Cybersecurity area Jose Luis DÍAZ RIVERA, everis Aerospace & Defense - Cybersecurity area Dr Juan ORTEGA VALIENTE, everis Aerospace & Defense - Cybersecurity area Alberto DOMINGUEZ SERRA, everis Aerospace & Defense - Cybersecurity area Carlos Justo ALAMEDA LOPEZ, everis Aerospace & Defense - Cybersecurity area Ruben SANZ MUÑOZ, S21Sec Sara GARCÍA-MINA MARTINEZ, everis Aerospace & Defense - Cybersecurity area Alvaro JIMENEZ, Gamesa Annabelle LEE, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Aurelio BLANQUET, EDP Distribuição Filip GLUSZAK, GridPocket Geoffrey RIGGS, ENCS Guillaume TÉTU, Trusted Labs Hani BANAYOTI, CyberSolace Jose VALIENTE, CCI Julien SEBIRE, ENCS Maksim GLUHHOVTŠENKO, Elektrilevi OÜ Massimo ROCCA, ENEL Rajesh NAIR, Swissgrid Victor BERMÚDEZ, REE Vytautas BUTRIMAS, Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Lithuania Finally we thank the experts of ENISA ICS SCADA Stakeholder Group, EuroSCSIE and all participants to the th validation workshops held in Madrid the 8 of October 2015 in providing us useful feedback during discussions and interviews. The study was conducted in cooperation with everis Aerospace & Defense - Cybersecurity area and S21Sec.

text: Legal notice

text: Notice must be taken that this publication represents the views and interpretations of the authors and editors, unless stated otherwise. This publication should not be construed to be a legal action of ENISA or the ENISA bodies unless adopted pursuant to the

text: Regulation (EU) No 526/2013

text: . This publication does not necessarily represent state-of the-art and ENISA may update it from time to time.

text: Third-party sources are quoted as appropriate. ENISA is not responsible for the content of the external sources including external websites referenced in this publication.

text: This publication is intended for information purposes only. It must be accessible free of charge. Neither ENISA nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication.

text: Copyright Notice

text: © European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA), 2015 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

text: 978-92-9204-139-7, 978-92-9204-139-7

text: Contents

text: Executive Summary 6

text: Glossary 8

text: 1. Introduction 10

text: Objectives and Scope 10

text: Methodology 11

text: Target audience 11

text: Structure of this document 12

text: 2. Key aspects of communication networks in smart grids 13

text: Customer premises network (CPN) 13

text: Architectures and technologies used in CPN 14

text: Communication networks in the distribution grid 15

text: Architectures and technologies in the distribution grid 16

text: Communication networks in the transmission grid 16

text: Architectures and technologies used in communication networks in the transmission grid 17

text: Communication network integration between generation, transmission and distribution grids 18

text: Architectures and technologies used in network interconnections 18

text: 3. Telecommunication service providers and interdependencies in smart grids 19

text: Inter-operator and multiple communication service providers for smart grid segment networks 20

text: Inter-Member State power infrastructures supporting communication networks 23

text: The role of the Internet in smart grids 26

text: Architectures and technologies used for intercommunications through the Internet 27

text: 4. Threat and risk analysis on communication networks in smart grids 29

text: Analysis and summary of threats affecting smart grid communications 29

text: Common vulnerabilities and risk factors in smart grid communication networks 31

text: Sample attacks against Smart grid communication networks and learnt lessons 33

text: 5. Security good practices in communication networks for Smart grids 36

text: Common security practices currently used by European smart grid operators 36

text: Regulations/normative used 36 Security protocols most used 38 Design of the smart grids 38 Contracting with network operators 39 Procurement and certification of the systems 40

text: Testing the smart grid components 40

text: Gap analysis and identification of areas of improvement 40

text: Organizational needs in the smart grid domain 41 Certifications needed specifically for smart grid security 41 Issues highlight during the interviews 41

text: Constraint and incentive analysis for the deployment of security measures 42

text: Economic constraints and incentives 42 Organizational constraints and incentives 42 Technical constraints and incentives 43 Social constraints and incentives 43

text: Available communication security guidelines applicable to Smart grids 43

text: Categorization of good practices on smart grid communication networks 47

text: 6. Recommendations to improve security of communication networks in smart grids 51

text: Executive Summary

text: Smart grids can be described as a new generation of smart power networks that integrate actions coming from all connected end-users. This infrastructure provides bidirectional communications between end-users and the grid operator, and therefore extends the attack surface against the power system.

text: However, one point that has been constantly overlooked and has not received the attention it deserves concerns the interdependencies and communications between all the assets that make up the new power grids. These interdependencies in communications are a fundamental pillar, as they represent the means by which all devices communicate within the smart grid network.

text: Information transmitted through these intercommunications contains not only customer and consumption data; but also status checks, instructions to execute, orders for devices to redirect power flow, etc. Therefore, their protection is essential to protect the privacy of the customers and prevent attacks which could cause blackouts, power overloads, device malfunctions, data tampering, or even catastrophic cascading effects that could bring down the power grid itself in more than one country.

text: For this purpose, this study focuses on the evaluation of these interdependencies, and their architectures and connections in order to determine their importance, threats, risks, mitigation factors and possible security measures to implement. To obtain this information, experts in the fields and areas related directly with smart grids were contacted to gather their know-how and expertise.

text: The concerns that were expressed by these experts can be sorted into two main categories, technical recommendations and organizational recommendations:

text:  Regarding smart grid devices, these devices are now exposed to different networks, and therefore their periodic update becomes essential in order to ensure that they are protected against the latest threats that appear. Furthermore, these devices should also implement by default security measures to protect them (such as authentication, encryption or frame counters), as implementing such measures in the deployment phase is much more costly and does not reach the same level of security.  Regarding the communications interdependencies, the main concern is with the protocols used on the smart grids. There is an urgent need to harmonize the current situation by establishing common interconnection protocols to be used by all devices, and ensure that these protocols implement by default enough security measures to protect the data whilst it is in transit (such as encryption or mutual authentication).  Finally there is the need to align policies, standards and regulations across EU Member States to ensure the overall security of smart grids. This is now even more important due to the risk that cascading failures can cause; as smart grid communication networks are no longer limited by physical or geographical barriers, and an attack on one country could translate into another. Additionally, due to the global and distributed nature of many of these threats, it becomes necessary for European organizations, distributors, utilities and the rest of involved stakeholders to share knowledge on these attacks both on incident management and incident reporting level.

text: In conclusion, the protection of the intercommunications in smart grid networks is essential in order to ensure the correct operation of the network and the protection of private and sensitive data. Furthermore, it is necessary in order to protect against attacks to the power grid, therefore making it a matter of national and European interest. For this purpose, the following recommendations have been developed:

text: Recommendation 1: European Commission should ensure the alignment of policy approaches across EU countries

text: to establish a common posture for smart grid communication interdependencies. Cyber security has become one of the main concerns regarding the implementation of smart grids, and especially concerning the networks used for the interconnection of all the assets that make up this new grid. Therefore, it is inherently necessary to protect these communication networks, the data that is transmitted through them and the devices connected to them. European Commission should ensure the alignment of the requirements and standards for smart grid communication networks, especially regarding the homologation of security devices and protocols.

text: Recommendation 2: Manufacturers and vendors should foster intercommunication protocol compatibility

text: between devices from different manufacturers and vendors. Currently, many manufacturers and vendors, due to the lack of standards, make use of their own proprietary protocols and communication systems for the intercommunication between their devices. Therefore, when a distributor or utility makes use of these devices, the rest of the network devices have to be provided by the same vendor, or have to be specifically compatible with them. Distributors, utilities and other actors involved should make use of devices acquired from various supply lines without having to be concerned about incompatibilities in the communication among them.

text: Recommendation 3: European smart grid operators and relevant authorities should develop a set of minimum

text: security requirements to be applied in all communication interdependencies in smart grids. Security controls must be defined to reach a minimum level of security that ensures service connectivity continuity and resilience, both in public and private environments. This could be done by establishing a working group at European level, with representation of all relevant stakeholders, in order to define a series of recommendations regarding the minimum security requirements that should always be applied to smart grid devices, intercommunications and interdependencies.

text: Recommendation 4: Manufacturers, vendors and asset owners should implement security measures on all

text: devices and protocols that are part, or make use of the smart grid communication network. Traditionally, grid devices and assets were usually isolated, or interconnected through private local networks. However, smart grids bring a new level of interconnection, where devices can be connected to large networks, wireless networks and even the Internet. This leads to the need to protect these communications against eavesdropping and tampering, from the origin and up to the destination. This could be achieved by supporting the implementation of security measures by default on all the protocols used for intercommunication within the smart grid network.

text: Recommendation 5: Manufacturers, vendors and asset owners should work together on updatable devices and

text: periodic security update support. Nowadays, it is the norm for software and firmware to receive periodic updates to fix vulnerabilities, add new security features or fixes, and even add new capabilities. This is quite common on personal devices and servers, however it is not the case yet in smart grids. Devices must be designed to be easily updated, both their software and firmware, in order to ensure that they maintain an acceptable security level. Manufacturers and vendors should work together on this topic, as they need to design their devices to be easily updatable, and need to develop an update program to maintain them updated.

text: Recommendation 6: European Commission, Member States and all relevant smart grid stakeholders should

text: promote incident reporting and attack patterns sharing. With the implementation of smart grids, many new attack vectors and network entry points have appeared as a consequence of their intercommunicated and distributed nature. For this reason, it becomes necessary to share data and attack patterns to help all involved agents protect their assets and develop countermeasures which can, in turn, be shared to protect the overall smart grid network.

text: Recommendation 7: European Commission, Member States and all relevant smart grid stakeholders should

text: promote increased training and awareness campaigns. One of the gripes that threats smart grids is related to the limited number of qualified professionals; a few of the existing ones lacking adequate training regarding security. This is due to in new scenarios that have appeared on energy grids regarding the new features that come with the implementation of smart grid technologies.

text: Glossary

text: ADA Advanced Distribution Automation AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure AMR Automated Meter Reading BAN Building Area Network BSS Business Support Systems CAPEX Capital Expenditure CERT Computer Emergency Response Team CIM Common Information Model CPN Customer Premises Networks CSP Communication Service Provider DER Distributed Energy Resources DLR Dynamic Line Rating DMS Distribution Management System DMZ Demilitarized Zone DR Demand Response systems DSO Distribution System Operator EH Electronic Highway EMS Energy Management System ENTSO-E European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute FAN Field Area Network FDEMS Facility Distributed Energy Resources Management System GIS Geographic Information System HAN Home Area Network HVDC High-Voltage Direct Current IAN Industrial Area Network ICCP Inter Control Centre Protocol ICT Information and Communication Technology IED Intelligent Electronic Device ISMS Information Security Management Systems ISO Independent System Operator MDM Meter Data Management NAN Neighbourhood Area Network OMS Outage Management System OPEX Operating Expense OSS Communication Operations Support Systems PLC Power Line Communications / Programmable Logic Controller PMU Phasor Measurement Units REP Retail Energy Providers RTO Regional Transmission Organizations RTU Remote Terminal Unit SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SLA Service Level Agreements TSO Transmission System Operator UCTE Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity UCPTE Union for the Coordination of Production and Transmission of Electricity

text: WAMS Wide Area Measurement System WAN Wide Area Network

text: 1. Introduction

text: Smart grids can be described as a new generation smart electric network that integrates actions coming from all connected end-users. This infrastructure provides bidirectional communications between end-users and the grid operator, and therefore extends the attack surface against a power system. For instance, consumers such as households and enterprises are now digitally connected to the ICT infrastructures of Distribution System Operators (DSOs) through smart meters via a Wide Area Network (WAN) network. Smart meters set the demarcation point between the DSO Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and the Customer Premises Network.

text: Smart grids in addition to bringing increased automation and control capabilities to the transmission and distribution grids also add a new layer of system complexity that offer new challenges for insuring the reliability and safety of operations . Existing technologies such as Energy Management System (EMS), Distribution Management System (DMS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) are being updated in order to adapt them to smart grids, alongside the integration of new technologies. Many of these supporting communication infrastructures, particularly WAN communications, are provided by telecommunication operators or Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Therefore these infrastructures will most likely be shared among multiple companies, which bring in multiple interdependency issues, ranging from the reliability of the whole power system to new cyber security risks.

text: These are just two use cases which prove that communication networks have become essential elements that allow the “smart” aspects of the power grids. They provide real-time knowledge of the grid, perform actions instantaneously when required and gather customer consumption information. These vital assets have to be taken into account especially as far as security is concerned for several reasons: the data they transport, the increasing attack surface, the possible cascading effects that an attack can generate in the rest of the grid, etc.

text: This report focuses on the aspects related to the communication networks and intercommunications between them in smart grids, identifying vulnerabilities, risks and threat agents. This report makes available a set of recommendations to mitigate identified risks.

text: Objectives and Scope

text: This report presents an analysis of the current situation of smart grid networks, considering the most relevant factors in this case, including: the role networks play in smart grid domains, the main threats affecting these communication infrastructure networks and the interdependencies between networks. Therefore, the following objectives have been set:

text: 1. Review and analyse communication infrastructures in use in smart grids at different domains: end-user premises (HAN, IAN, and BAN), transmission grids, distribution grid, generation (bulk and DER), electric vehicle and other power storage facilities. 2. Study connectivity interdependencies for smart grids among different domains in the electricity system within a Member State (MS) and between MS. 3. Obtain a list of the main threats affecting communication networks in smart grids.

text: 4. Evaluate the current situation and possible network attacks with cascading effects on large parts of the population. 5. Collect good security practices and measures for the communication networks (including different channels, technologies and protocols). 6. Analyse, in relation to the identified good security practices, gaps in current implementations of communication networks in all smart grid domains.

text: 7. Explore limiting factors, impairments, constraints and potential incentives for the target audience to deploy these measures.

text: Methodology

text: This study was carried out using a five-step methodology (shown in Figure 1) which begins at the initial information gathering from official sources and experts in the field and ends in the development of a report summarizing the findings and the recommendations to the target audience.

text: 1. Identification of experts: the first step was to identify the experts in the field of smart grid security. In order to obtain varied and well-balanced results, experts from academic, industry and government sectors were selected. Expert representatives from at least half of the EU member states were included in this list. 2. Desktop Research: initial research of already published documents in order to get as much information about communication dependencies as possible. Develop a questionnaire which includes the questions needed to achieve the project objectives. 3. Collecting Experts’ and stakeholders’ point of view: During this step, a questionnaire was used internally to guide the interviews with experts. These interviews were carried out during a 6-week period in order to obtain experts’ and stakeholders’ point of view. 4. Analysis: the fourth step was to analyse all the data obtained, including the results of the interviews, gathering initial conclusions. 5. Conclusions and recommendations: the last step was to further analyse and contrast these results with the experience of the consortium and external sources.

text: Target audience

text: This report provides information on the networks and interconnections between them in smart grids, aimed at helping operators and manufacturers to understand them, and prepare against possible security risks. Therefore, the target audience is:

text:  Smart grid operators.  Smart grid manufacturers and vendors.  Smart grid security tools providers.

text: Structure of this document

text: This report has been structured as follows:  Chapter 1: brief introduction to the study, lists the objectives and describes the methodology followed on this report.  Chapter 2: Presents the state of the art of communication networks and intercommunications in the different domains of smart grids, detailing the architectures and technologies most commonly used in each one.  Chapter 3: Evaluates the interdependencies that can be found in smart grids and its relation with telecommunication providers and the Internet. This analysis highlights the features of these interdependencies and their relation to the cascade effect threats.  Chapter 4: Presents a specific risk analysis of the specific threats and vulnerabilities that can affect communications in Smart grids, describing them.

text: 2. Key aspects of communication networks in smart grids

text: This section analyses the communication infrastructures in use in smart grids at different domains: end-user premises, transmission grids, distribution grids and generation.

text: Figure 2 shows an overview of the standard communications architecture of a smart grid. This scenario considers the communications making use of the Internet due to the physical separation between the different sites of each section.

text: Customer premises network (CPN)

text: The customer premises networks are composed of big industries, small and medium business, office buildings, smart buildings (such as modern office buildings) and standard home users. Due to the different natures of these sites, three separate networks have been developed in order to group them: Home Area Networks (HAN), Business/Building Area Networks (BAN) and Industrial Area Networks (IAN).

text: The Home Area Network (HAN) effectively manages the on-demand power requirements of the end-users. This network is envisioned to interconnect smart electric appliances such as televisions, washing machines, or energy management systems. It is the supporting infrastructure for demand-response applications (i.e. switching smart appliances on or off in order to make an efficient use of electric rates) and advanced energy services provided by

text: DSOs. This network can also provide integration between home automation equipment and energy management systems, and is directly related to the Smart Home concept.

text: The Business/Building Area Network (BAN), or Commercial Area Network, is a communication infrastructure intended to support the needs of regular businesses (e.g. office buildings). The power demand of businesses’ buildings is significantly higher than those from households, and its pattern follows a different curve. Business Energy Management Services and Building Automation, as well as other advanced energy services need to be supported by the BAN. On the other hand, a group of HANs is also sometimes called a BAN. In this case, the network includes all communications in one Building due to its size. The BAN network is directly related with the concept of Smart Building.

text: Finally, the Industrial Area Network (IAN) can be defined as the communication infrastructure that allows the interconnection and support of all machines and devices needed in a particular industry, including regular ICT hardware and software (i.e. computers, printers and servers) and Industrial Control Systems (i.e. SCADA, Distributed Control Systems (DCS), Program Logic Controllers (PLC’s)).

text: Architectures and technologies used in CPN

text: Figure 3 shows the architecture of the network that connects customer premises with data centres on the smart grid. It also shows the different technologies that are most commonly used to interconnect the different devices that make up the network. Note that the PLC mention on Figure 3 refers to “Power Line Communications”, and does not specify any application protocols.

text: Depending on the customer premises’ network type (HAN, IAN or BAN), different technologies can be used. For example, one Smart Meter configuration could make use of ZigBee for Home Area Networks, Wi-Fi for Business Area Networks and Z-Wave for Industrial Area Networks; another option is to use the IEC 62056 protocol, based on the DLMS/COSEM protocol, for these communication networks. Therefore, a combination of different technologies can be used in order to manage the needs of the grid interdependencies, based on the specific requirements of the area, infrastructure, etc.

text: Communication networks in the distribution grid

text: Historically, distribution systems have included little telemetry, and almost all communications within the domain were performed by humans . It is considered that “the primary sensor base installed in the distribution domain is the customer with a telephone, whose call initiates the dispatch of a field crew to restore power”. It was unlikely for distribution substations to be connected to a central SCADA system, and even then these were not automated at all. Electrical substations required manual equipment switching and load, energy consumption and abnormal event data was collected manually. On the other hand, Transmission System Operators (TSOs) have extensive control over transmission-level equipment, which is now being enhanced with a smarter transmission grid.

text: However, with the arrival of the smart grids, distribution systems are facing a paradigm shift. As it is acknowledged by major industry players “distribution networks are under high pressure to meet requirements for converting their conventional static grids into modern and dynamic smart grids. In particular, the increasing occurrence of decentralized generation (DER) is influencing this trend, as well as the need to improve the quality and reliability in both MV and LV networks” (See Figure 2).

text: Due to this change, there are new requirements on the automation, monitoring, control and protection of distribution substations and transformer stations/centres. More advanced automation is expected at the distribution grid with the upcoming smart grids. This “extra” automation is basically Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA). The goal of the ADA is the real-time adjustment of the distribution system by changing loads, usually without direct operator intervention, in order to dramatically improve system reliability, quality, and efficiency. In order to achieve this, substation feeder automation and control will play a central role, and will allow DSO’s to make the most of DERs, AMIs and Demand-Response strategies, making these three new concepts an essential part of the ADA toolbox.

text: The last mile communication infrastructure of the smart grid is a two-way communication network generally overlaid on top of the power distribution system, which enables features such as: advanced metering services, distribution automation and substation automation. The underlying communication infrastructures are: Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN), Field Area Networks (FAN) and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), depending on the devices it interconnects and the applications supported. For instance, FANs are used to connect distribution substations, distributed/feeder/transformer centre field devices and DERs/micro-grids, including the utility scale electric storage, to the utility control and operation centre. In addition to these systems, NANs also include smart meters in households, industries and businesses. Likewise, AMIs can be used interchangeably with NANs, but only to interconnect smart meters with back-office systems.

text: The last mile networks (i.e. AMI, NAN, and FAN) as well as DERs/micro-grids and other distribution substation networks are interconnected with utility control and operations via the backhaul network. This network can be owned and managed by the utility (i.e. DSO) or by a third party, such as a public telecommunications service provider. Typically, last mile networks have access to more than one backhaul network. Backhaul networks can use wired or wireless technologies and enable the aggregation and transportation of customer-related smart grid telemetry data, substations automation critical operations data, relevant DER and micro-grid field data, and mobile workforce information.

text: The distribution substation network is an infrastructure that interconnects all devices within a distribution substation. It is comprised of LANs that contain the local SCADA, IEDs, RTUs, PMUs and other field devices that need to be remotely controlled and monitored. At the same time, the distribution substation network provides connectivity to the backhaul network, either directly or through the FAN network, which in turn can interconnect several distribution substations before accessing the backhaul. Transformer centre networks can be seen as a condensed version of a distribution substation network.

text: The last relevant communication infrastructure supporting power distribution operations and DER/micro-grids is the feeder network. This network helps to exchange information with field devices (such as switches, capacitor banks and sensors) and IEDs that are distributed along the power lines, substations and transformer centres. It can be considered as an overlay on the electrical grid and can use both wireless and wired communication technologies.

text: Architectures and technologies in the distribution grid

text: Smart grids have brought many changes to traditional power grids, making use of new technologies and devices to enable new features that allow better communication, distribution and overall efficiency . As it has been seen on the previous section, distribution automation provides DSOs with an increased control over distribution-level equipment. However, a more advanced automation is expected at the distribution grid with the upcoming smart grid. Literature refers to this “extra” automation as smart distribution system or Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA).

text: Apart from this, distribution networks make use of many existing technologies and protocols, depending on the needs of each implementation. ANNEX B summarizes some of the most relevant ones, grouped depending on if they are commonly used on last mile networks or on the backhaul networks. On the other hand, there are others technologies, not directly related to communications, but that have to be considered when evaluating new distribution grids. These are:

text:  Fault Detection, Isolation and Restoration (FDIR) systems are focused on improving the reliability of the distribution networks.  Integrated Volt-VAR Control (IVVC) systems are designed to reduce electric feeder losses improving the overall voltage distribution and conservation in both peak and non-peak time periods.  Organic Flash Cycle (OFC) systems can potentially increase power generation from thermal energy reservoirs

text: Communication networks in the transmission grid

text: Transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical power from generation (and storage) sources to the distribution grid through multiple substations, which are typically operated by TSOs. The main goal of a TSO is to maintain the stability of the electric grid by balancing generation (supply) and load (demand) across the transmission network.

text: In today’s electrical grids, the generation, transmission and sub-transmission segments are performing at a high level and are equipped with automation systems. This has been done by installing Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and other control devices in substations and generation plants, connected to a Distributed Control System or to centralized SCADA/EMS systems.

text: Therefore, all these recently implemented automated systems and devices in the substations need to communicate with the central SCADA/EMS systems in order to ensure that they are properly controlled. This requires a new communication infrastructure to enable this communication and allow remote control and regulation of the systems as needed. This is especially important in the case of controlling supply and demand, whether automated or manual, as a failure to control it could potentially cause system overloads or area blackouts.

text: Additionally, due to the critical nature of these infrastructures, the new communication infrastructures and networks must be secured against unauthorized tampering. This includes not only physical security but, more importantly, cyber-security against the new threats that have appeared as a consequence of the implementation of smart grids (many derived from existing traditional, well known, network threats such as eavesdropping, interception, etc.).

text: Architectures and technologies used in communication networks in the transmission grid

text: The automation of the transmission power grid requires the use of specific systems and technologies in order to be controlled. Some of these systems are already in use and are fundamental for the communications of the transmission grid:

text:  Distribution Management Systems (DMS) are a series of applications to monitor and control the entire distribution network entirely, and which are becoming more and more important with the advent of smart grids. These are complemented by SCADA and EMS systems, providing functionalities such as: unbalanced power flow control, distribution state estimation, integrated volt control, fault identification and location, and service restoration. Overall, they provide the means to improve the management operations of the network and allow operators to be able to operate and optimize it in real time.  Energy Management Systems (EMS) are used to analyse and operate the transmission power system reliably and efficiently. Operators using this system can supervise the network topology, connectivity and load conditions (including circuit breakers, switch states and control equipment status).  Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems interact with each substation (those that include HMI and RTU devices) and of the entire network. These systems are designed to manage switching, monitoring and control these substations. The SCADA/EMS monitors the status of all circuit breakers (open/closed), to create bus or branch topology configurations of the power system, allowing for optimal power flow calculation, state estimation, contingency analysis, outage scheduling, voltage and stability analysis, alarm processing, etc. Moreover, the SCADA/EMS systems also monitor substation metering technology, to retrieve data on line current and voltage levels at substations. Apart from these technologies, smart grids will bring a whole range of new specific applications, systems and technologies designed to improve the transmission grid. The most relevant cases are the High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) and Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) technologies, which are described in the following paragraphs:

text:  High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission systems use direct current for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the common alternating current systems. For long-distance transmissions, HVDC systems can be less expensive and will suffer lower electrical losses.  Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) uses sensors to identify the current carrying capability of a section of the network in real time to optimise utilisation of existing transmission assets, without the risk of causing overloads.  Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are devices that provide high quality measurements of bus angles and frequencies using a common time source for synchronisation (i.e. GPS radio clock). PMUs can be autonomous systems or part of a protective relay or other device in a substation. They are capable of detecting faults early, increasing the power quality, enabling load shedding and other load control techniques, etc. PMUs are considered the initial data source for Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS) applications, essential in regional transmission grids, local distribution grids and even wide super grids.  Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) make use of advanced measurement technologies in order to monitor and control large power grids and super grids. They can be used as a standalone infrastructure or by complementing other conventional supervision systems, such as SCADA/EMS. There are several common technologies and protocols that are used for the intercommunication between these devices and the rest of the transmission grid network. One of the most relevant ones is the IEC 61850 protocol family, which is applicable to this grid section. Other relevant protocols used on this grid are also on ANNEX A.

text: Communication network integration between generation, transmission and distribution grids

text: According to the distributed nature of the smart grids, there are different parts of them that need to be interconnected in order to exchange information efficiently. The power grid is operated by many different agents that are connected to the same grid. There are those that generate power, those that transmit power, and those that distribute power to end customers. Some of these operators may carry out more than one of these functions. In order to manage this, the IEC 60870 standard discusses how to exchange information among the smart grid elements .

text: Though there are various proprietary and ad-hoc exchange protocols designed to exchange information among these elements, it is much more common for actors to exchange data with each other using standardized protocols, as it is usually more easy and reliable. Some of these standardized protocols are:

text:  IEC 60870-6 Inter-Control Centre Communication.  IEC 61698-13 Common Information Model (CIM) RDF Model exchange format for distribution.  IEC 61670-452 Common Information Model (CIM) RDF Model exchange format for transmission.

text: Inter-control centre communications depend on the existing low-level communication infrastructure available between these network elements, such as MPLS, PLC, Satellite, POTS or Leased Lines. The current trend is moving towards the use of IP technologies, either on top of the already existing infrastructure by investing in IP-enabled network, or by contracting virtual networks to ISPs.

text: For non-real time transmission data, the Common Information Model (CIM) is commonly used, and the IEC 61670- 452 standard defines how these data is exported to XML for exchange with other parties. The IEC 61670-5xx series section of the standard defines C and web service profiles for the different data access services, making web services the preferred exchange mechanism for CIM data. Nevertheless, it is not uncommon for XML files to be exchanged using mechanisms other than web services, such as FTP or even plain HTTP POST/PUT requests.

text: IEC 61968-13 is the distribution equivalent of IEC 61970-452, defined for transmission data, and typically includes information related to assets, work, construction, distribution and outage management. The IEC working group is, however, considering merging or replacing this with IEC 61970-452, as there is a significant overlap between both.

text: Architectures and technologies used in network interconnections

text: Communications between the generation, transmission and distribution domains are complex and usually require large communication networks, which make use of many different technologies and protocols to adapt to the individual needs of each section and area. Therefore, there is an inherent need to ensure proper compatibility between them in order to ensure the quality, reliability and security of these intercommunications.

text: A detailed list of some of the most relevant technologies used for the intercommunication within and between these domains can be found on the table present at ANNEX A of this document as a detailed explanation of each protocol and technology falls outside the scope of this deliverable. As a notable mention, the IEC 61850 protocol family is specially adapted for the integration between grid sections.

text: 3. Telecommunication service providers and interdependencies in smart grids

text: Many of the communication infrastructures, particularly WAN communications, are provided by telecommunication operators or Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Therefore they might be shared by multiple companies. As it was mentioned on the previous section, one DSO can share the communication infrastructure with a TSO or another DSO, but also with a public company, or a large enterprise belonging to a completely different sector.

text: The communication infrastructure is deployed in order to share information in the smart grid, where the amount and variety of data is large. Therefore the definition of metadata fields is a complex and cumbersome process. The actors involved in this process can be classiﬁed into two categories: those which need the data and those which develop products to deliver the required data. The ﬁrst group of actors includes, but is not limited to:

text:  Transmission system operators.  Distribution system operators.

text:  Energy retailers.  Energy services companies.  Billing organizations.

text:  Energy regulators.

text: They are sometimes referred to as driving actors since metadata is created by analysing their input. The second group of actors consists of product manufacturers such as smart meter producers, utility companies, enterprise software developers, B/HAS developers, standard logical model developers, etc. We might refer to them as implementing actors, since they are the ones that make data usable by deﬁning its format according to the deﬁnitions given by the driving actors. Metadata management is an important part of the early stages of the system development.

text: Many actors are involved in metadata management. Examples of data management in the smart grid are: network models which may include electrical transmission or distribution, customer data required to identify customer accounts and service locations, geographic information used to derive network models, assets, work orders, measurements, etc. The Inter-Domain Analysis of Smart Grid Domain Dependencies Using Domain-Link Matrices study describes in detail the interdependencies in smart grids.

text: Along the same lines, “Reducing Cascading Failure Risk by Increasing Infrastructure Network Interdependency” analyses the importance of improving the security of the interdependencies in smart grids and the need to reduce cascade failures. Although increasingly complex networks have been intensively studied for over a decade, the researchers still focus on the case of an isolated network without external interaction. However, it is known that modern systems are building and working co-ordinately and therefore, these systems must be designed as interdependent networks. A major vulnerability of interdependence networks is that the failure of nodes on a network can lead to failure of child nodes on other networks.

text: When node (substation) or edge (transmission line) failures occur, power re-routes according to Kirchhoﬀ’s and Ohm’s laws. This re-routing increases ﬂows along parallel paths, which can subsequently trigger long chains of component failures, potentially leading to a wide-area blackout. As a result of this process, failures propagate nonlocally: the next component to fail may be hundreds of miles or tens of edges distant from the previous failure leading to a cascade of failures. The research of interdependency issues will lead to the development and application of new system concepts and design approaches towards the mitigation of the risks posed by these interdependencies on a nationwide scale.

text: Figure 4 represents an example of how a cascade effect might affect the smart grid. Considering a pair of interdependent networks (a power grid and a communication network) in which a fraction of the number of nodes in the power grid are coupled to corresponding nodes in communication network. When a node fails in this model, the associated edges in both networks immediately fail too.

text: As mentioned in reports “Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks” and “R&D Themes for Cyber Security in the Smart Grid” , it is very important for inter-operators to consider and become aware of the risks posed by the existence of interdependencies in smart grid communication networks. This is needed in order to prevent the possibility of cascading failures leading towards catastrophic blackouts.

text: Inter-operator and multiple communication service providers for smart grid segment networks

text: Continuing on towards intercommunications and the multiple providers in charge of the specific communication networks from each domain, it is necessary to consider that each one may make use of different technologies and

text: operation methods. This leads to unique interdependencies among these networks that require cyber-security elements that can impact on the reliability of the rest of the elements of the power system. The correct security design for each one of the services and domains must be one of the main objectives when securing these interconnections .

text: As previously discussed in the section 2.3, in order to perform the metering and transmission services, operators must use communication networks, Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN), Field Area Networks (FAN) and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) are interconnected by backhaul networks. The backhaul might be owned and managed by operators and can use wire line or wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 3G mobile networks and LTE/4G.

text: The document titled Advanced Wireless Backhaul for the Smart Grid suggests that last mile communication infrastructures can be implemented as a backhaul network as long as the following stages are fully implemented:

text:  Connect all individual meters to local collection points.  The local collection points have to be backhauled in order to reach a higher capacity level on the aggregation points.  Aggregation points have to be backhauled to the utility’s network operations’ centre.

text: Furthermore, the inter-operator communication network has to connect with several of the following domains, depending on the needs of each individual implementation:

text:  Last mile communications network, which includes all of the individual meters, collection points and aggregation points.  The distribution substation network, where devices connect with distribution substations that, at the same time, are connected to the core backhauled network.  Distributed Energy Resources: their network has many other operators that have to be interconnected with each other and with utilities. Figure 4 on ANNEX D shows that the highest level of the DER architecture (level 5) contains Transmission and Market Operations, and involves a larger utility environment. Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) and Independent System Operators (ISOs) need to exchange information about the capabilities and operational status of larger, or aggregated, DER systems. The energy transmissions from the DERs are at the same time interconnected to the demand and response systems, as well as to the utilities’ network operation centres. The network operation centres of the utility companies are the main points from where all the information of the backhauled network in the smart grid begins and flows. These are also the main points where the system operators (control and data centre) are connected. The service of the operators at this point is to act as resource options for balancing supply and demand. This demand and response communication needs to be implemented with a high range of security and tidy protocols. The previous document mentioned underlines how the IEC-61968 standard is considered as an example focused on integration of applications related to transmission, generation, and energy markets. Also, “Object linking and embedding for Process Control” (OPC) is an integration standard used for process control integration. It’s a requirement that in the inter-operator communication networks, different operators must

text: be organized between each other not only in communication network protocols and standards but also in security incidents.

text: In the bulk generation, transmission, and distribution domains, various control messages and received messages from the distributed sensors in the smart grid are frequently conveyed from the control applications in the control centre to various locations on the smart meter by using a robust communication infrastructure. Demand and response messages in the smart grid are used to provide an interface to connect a variety of users, devices and systems together. There are many messages exchanged through the communication system of the smart grid, such as energy readings from smart meters, triggering events, control messages, device status messages, energy consumption messages, pricing messages, outage messages, etc. Interfaces are used to exchange energy-related information and provide connection among home networks and external networks and systems, such as the utility network. The Internet gateway is considered as an example of such a system, which enables customers’ interactions by sending and receiving requests via secure web-portals, this will be described in “3.3 The role of the Internet in smart grids”.

text: Within the transmission and distribution domains, the IEC Common Information Model (CIM) has been adopted to allow application software to exchange information about the conﬁguration and the status of an electrical network. The CIM aims to govern several areas pertaining to the physical infrastructure of the smart meters. Some of the areas covered include asset measurements, which are received from telemetry and help to identify the current state of both the assets and the infrastructure. The modern communications infrastructure is used to achieve this task using two-way communication interfaces (backhaul network). One noteworthy example is the data collection from Remote Terminal Units within the SCADA network, which is then transferred to the control centre (system operator). The SCADA database is monitored and updated remotely; therefore database-centric applications are fundamental. One of the IEC standards, IEC 61970-301, deﬁned the core packages of the CIM with focus on the electricity transmission needs, such as EMS, SCADA, and other related applications. In addition, IEC 60870-6 is commonly used to provide data links to exchange measured values among the control centres. It is commonly known as TASE.2 and the Inter Control Centre Protocol (ICCP).

text: Smart grids can be quite large and geographically dispersed ; more importantly, regardless of the distance they still require real-time information in order to automatically manage the different sections of the grid and maintain good efficiency levels. This however requires that power companies convert their existing legacy grids into the new smart grids, requiring in many cases large investments and redesigns of entire sections. A trend has already appeared regarding companies acquiring communication services from third-party communication service providers in order to reduce these costs.

text: As far as security is concerned, there are some points to consider regarding power utilities and Communication Service Providers (CSPs). By using CSPs to meet the connectivity needs of smart grids, these become dependent on them in order to carry out their work functions. For this reason, it is heavily recommended to not depend on a single CSP, instead make use of several ones, and consider the following points:

text:  Regarding Risk Management, the risk generated by using a single CSP is considerably lower in case of CSP failure or attack, when the dependency of the CSP is minimized, allowing that some parts of the smart grids can avoid being affected.  Geographical effectiveness: The smart grid components can follow different strategies in different places. The usage of different CSPs provides the flexibility of selecting the most expert CSP according to the required technologies and features of the place.

text:  Technologic Variety: Using different CSPs allows using different technologies for different network segments within the same domain. This reduces the exposure in case of “Zero-day vulnerabilities” and the cost of dealing with them if they ever occur. Regarding wireless communications, sometimes the usage of different CSPs allows the use of different working frequencies that enhance the wireless communications’ security.  Isolating different types of traffic and applying different Quality of Service (QoS) levels can be done according to data needs, and this practise also provides a mechanism of protecting the information regarding internal power utility processes, or as a “backup” service provider. However, using different CSPs also has some disadvantages that have to be considered:  This practice can be more difficult to manage for the power utility, such as the security management (encryption, redundancy, etc.) of the customer data as well as the locations where it is stored (several third-party information systems).  The operation cost of using multiple CSPs is significantly higher than using just one and it can happen that the network infrastructure for managing different CSPs is more complex and expensive than if only one CSP was used.  The number of people that have access to confidential information of the power utility is much higher in a scenario with more than one CSP. Consequently, the attack surface for information leakage is much bigger. Finally taking into account the different points of view that have been discussed in this section, the conclusion moves towards recommending the use of multiple CSPs to provide communications in smart grids, as well as considering possible measures to mitigate the effects of the disadvantages they imply.

text: Inter-Member State power infrastructures supporting communication networks

text: Another important factor that has to be taken into account is the Inter-Member State power infrastructures that support the communication networks, as they now become an essential part of smart grids due to their delocalized nature. Smart grids are no longer confined to a single country; now they have become part of a whole grid spanning throughout Europe, having intercommunication among the different States and reaching a point where a failure or attack in one of them could adversely affect the rest. For this purpose, the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) has become involved in this process, supporting not only traditional energy distribution, but also focusing on the intercommunications among their systems (see Figure 5).

text: ENTSO-E established that the operation of interconnected networks is founded on the principle that each partner is responsible of its own network (coordination at regional and European levels, interference of national system and corresponding inter-TSO coordination that requests more and more coordination), but cannot ignore the rest of the networks. For this purpose, ENTSO-E has developed an Operation Handbook that defines the basic interconnection principles and infrastructure that should be followed in order to establish successful and secure interconnections between grids. It defines the use of the Electronic Highway (EH), a routed network separate from the Internet that interconnects TSOs, can be used for real-time and non-real-time communications. This operational handbook defines a series of points that Transmission System Operators should follow:

text:  A set of minimum requirements to apply.

text:  Up-to-date implementation rules and recommendations.  Common specifications for communications and data exchange.  Operation and maintenance recommendations.

text: However, the Operation Handbook does not specify the national grid codes, as this remains responsibility of each country and is usually influenced by market rules. Regarding security, there are a series of recommendations that have been included in order to protect the systems against attacks, and especially against the risk of cascading effects on parts of the network or even the whole network itself. These recommendations are:

text:  Connection to the Internet: there should not be any physical or logical connection between the Electronic Highway (EH) and the Internet. If needed, data exchange between the EH and the outside world should only be done through clearly defined and fully protected limited channels. This can be achieved by using intermediate gateways and firewalls crossing TSO boundaries. Operators however should be aware of recent research on

text: Finally, it is important to remember that smart grid assets, even if they are not connected to the Internet, are still vulnerable. The false belief that devices not connected to the Internet are not vulnerable has been an IT myth for quite some time, and one that should be quickly dismissed as reality has proved it otherwise. In a recent report made by the German Government Federal IT Department , a cyber-intrusion on a steel mill systems caused physical damage to some of the assets, even though these systems had been isolated from the Internet as much as possible.

text: The role of the Internet in smart grids

text: Traditionally, power companies had their own systems designed to control and manage their operations; while many of these systems had been isolated or connected to local private communication networks. Therefore, these companies were in charge and control of all aspects of their systems and, from a security point of view, their main concern was the physical protection of their assets and installations. Therefore, communications were limited and were not exposed to external shared networks, much less to the Internet.

text: The appearance and exponential growth of the Internet gave way to new means of communications, not only traditional point-to-point ones, which offered a lot of benefits at an affordable cost. Smart grids make use of intercommunication networks in order to interconnect all the devices that make it up, and therefore the need to use large communication networks becomes a basic requisite.

text: Therefore, the Internet has become one of the main means for smart grids to interconnect their devices, as it provides wide coverage and compatible protocols supported by many different services, enabling direct communication to devices located geographically apart without the expenses of implementing their own communication network (which can be prohibitively high in case of large distributed or nation-wide grids). Furthermore, the use of these communication channels enables smart grids to automatically control and manage all the devices that are part of it, obtaining improved efficiency for the power generation, transmission and distribution, and the overall working of the grid itself. An exception to this point is the Electronic highway, which is focused specially on the use of a private network separated from the Internet for the communications and data exchange between Transmission System Operators, as it has been defined on Section 3.2.

text: However, these networks, and especially the Internet which encompasses all of them (except the Electronic Highway presented in the previous chapter), are not inherently safe against threats and vulnerabilities. On the contrary, these networks may suffer from a multitude of attacks and are vulnerable to many varied threats to the communications that pass through them (as described in more detail on Section 4.1); this includes not only intentional attacks, but also unintentional data damage caused by employees or badly configured devices.

text: There are also resilience and security concerns regarding the infrastructure of the Internet itself, as they pose a risk as serious as those that affect the communications that pass through them. These threats were defined by ENISA’s Internet Infrastructure Security and Resilience Reference Group , where they were sorted into three main categories: routing attacks, DNS attacks and Denial of Service attacks (these will also be described in more detail in Section 4.1).

text: Therefore their securitization becomes a must. As many of these threats and risks are common to the various services that make use of the network, smart grid manufacturers, vendors, operators and experts can take this know-how and existing knowledge in order to adapt and protect and properly configure their own devices against these threats.

text: In light of these concerns, the risks to power grids have to be thoroughly considered, as they are critical infrastructures that maintain many other systems and services, and are a fundamental requirement for the operation of business, industries and even for the well-being of the population. An even bigger risk appears due to the interconnected and distributed nature of these systems, the cascade effect: a failure or service outage on one distributor or one country, if not properly controlled, could affect other distributors and countries.

text: Architectures and technologies used for intercommunications through the Internet

text: The Internet has become the network of networks, a massive grid that connects the whole world together; communications from one side of the world to the other takes less than a second. To maintain such large infrastructures, different architectures and technologies are used; but always following a compatible structure to ensure the compatibility of all the systems and devices that are connected to it.

text: The Internet makes use of many different architectures and technologies for the different sections that make it up, as well as having available a wide range of protocols that can be used to offer different services and functionalities. The architecture of the Internet is distributed and redundant, there are no established hard point-to-point lines; connections are established using the most efficient path, and so connections to the same destination can make use of different intermediate devices and communication lines each time.

text: When the Internet was initially envisioned, security was not a concern as the scope was limited; therefore the resulting architecture and protocols proved highly efficient and scalable, but offered no security measures at all by default. Further iterations of these architectures and protocols began to implement security measures for the protection of all the communications, transmissions and services offered through the Internet (such as SSL/TLS, mutual authentication, point-to-point encryption or certificates).

text: Among all technologies that are available on the Internet, the most relevant ones that are used for communications among the devices part of the smart grid are:

text:  Internet Protocol (IP): is probably the most used and important communication network protocol used by the devices part of the smart grid. This protocol is used due to its compatibility and open-source implementation, allowing different devices from different manufacturers to communicate with ease. Through the use of this protocol, devices can reliably exchange data and manage operations and activities. This protocol however, is vulnerable to a wide range of attacks due to its lack of security measures, and therefore it becomes necessary to implement additional security measures, such as using TLS to encrypt the data, in order to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of the transmitted information or instructions.  Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS): is used to encapsulate various network protocols, and transmit those using short paths to reach the destination, instead of using a long path the whole way. This protocol is scalable, and works independently of the protocol that is transmitted. There are a series of relevant protocols that can also be used on these networks, in conjunction with the previously listed technologies:

text:  Distributed Network Protocol (DNP): is a set of communication protocols designed specifically for the communication of devices part of automated systems. It is used mainly in SCADA systems to interconnect the Master Station with the RTUs and IEDS. It has been designed to be reliable, but lacks security measures.  IEC 61850: is a standard designed to be used to control the automation processes on electrical substations. It defines data exchange between control systems the substations themselves. It includes many required features to carry out these functions, including data modelling, data storage (substation configuration language, or SCL), fast transfer events and reporting schemes. It also includes variations of this protocol for different installations, such as Hydroelectric Power Plants (IEC 61850-7-410) or Distribution Automation Systems (IEC 61850-7-420).  IEC 60870: defines the systems needed for the supervision and data acquisition of power automation systems. It has been divided into five parts: transmission frame formats, datalink transmission services, general application data structure, coding definitions for information elements and basic application functionalities.

text: Therefore, not all the technologies and protocols used for the communications through the Internet support security measures by default, and as such it becomes necessary to use additional measures in order to protect them. Some of the most common security technologies that can be used to protect communications include:  Transport Layer Security (TLS): is a cryptographic protocol designed to protect communications over a network. This is achieved by using asymmetric cryptography and client certificates to authenticate both the sender and the recipient and symmetric protocols to carry out data encryption. Its predecessor, SSL v3 is also commonly used, although its use is not recommended due to several security flaws that have been detected on it.  IEC 62351: is a standard designed to handle the security of several protocols including IEC 60870, IETC 61850, IEC 61970 and IEC 61968. Among its features, it includes TLS encryption, node authentication, message authentication and several other specific security profiles.  IEV IEC 61850-90-12: provides definitions, guidelines and recommendations for the engineering of WANs, especially regarding their protection, control and monitoring. It is based on IEC 61850 and several related protocol standards. It is mostly used for communications between substations and the control centre.  Internet Protocol Security (IPSec): comprises of a set of protocols designed specifically to protect IP communications by applying authentication and encryption to them. It supports mutual authentication, and works on the Internet Layer (while TLS works on a higher level, on the Application Layer).  Secure Shell (SSH): is a protocol that provides a secure connection to remote machines, by applying encryption to protect the data. For this communication, the remote machine must have an operational SSH server to which the client will connect to.  DNP3 Secure: is an upgrade to the standard DNP3 protocol designed to provide additional security measures, including authentication and data encryption. It is compliant with IEC 62351-5 standard, and in some cases Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are also used to secure IP networks.  Virtual Private Network (VPN): is not a protocol per-se, it is more of a concept, but it can be considered as a relevant security measure in order to protect communications. In a VPN the use of point-to-point private network over a public network or the Internet are specified. A VPN uses tunnelling protocols to make available private communication, and to also make use of encryption protocols to protect the confidentiality of the data transmitted.

text: 4. Threat and risk analysis on communication networks in smart grids

text: This chapter focuses on security threats, risk factors, incidents and attacks affecting communication networks in smart grids, with particular interest on those that might imply cascading effects on large part of the population. Regarding risk factors, some examples include: interconnected networks and systems, communication protocol vulnerabilities or IT vulnerabilities, legacy communication protocols, communication disruptions, malicious software and firmware, compromised hardware, increased number of entry points and paths, new sensitive personal data.

text: Analysis and summary of threats affecting smart grid communications

text: Starting from “Smart Grid Security: Threats, Vulnerabilities and Solutions” and “Smart Grid Threat Landscape and Good Practice Guide” , the goal of this section is to combine the most important aspects of these documents, the experts’ interviews and other relevant documents, in order to reach a complete overview of threats that affect smart grids nowadays.

text: Smart grids bring improvements and better capabilities to the traditional power network. These networks provide

text: electricity on demand using information and communication technologies that enable energy providers to control

text: the power supply and allow for an efficient power delivery with lower costs. However, this makes networks more complex and vulnerable to different types of attacks and even unintentional failures due to increased complexity of systems and levels of cyber fragility. The principal difference between traditional grids and Smart grids is that there are three new main security objectives that must be taken in account: availability of the service, integrity of transmitted data and confidentiality of the consumer’s data.

text: However, due to the recent Smart grid concept and implementation there is very little practical experience on cyberattacks affecting Smart grids. Besides, industrial cyber security is also a quite new topic and security experts are still learning it, developing hacking tools and finding new vulnerabilities at an exponential rate. These vulnerabilities might allow attackers to obtain back-doors, compromise the confidentiality and integrity of the information, and even make the service unavailable. Therefore, the security of traditional and new Smart grid ICT technologies must be addressed by the energy sector. This is not only a task for grid operators but also for public bodies, standardisation organisations, service providers, and any other stakeholder involved. In addition, cyber security must be considered in all Smart grid domains and at all phases of the system life cycle.

text: As a result of the experience of a cyber-attack affecting a Smart grid, in the “Smart Grid Security - Annex II” by ENISA it is underlined how physical security and safety is much more stable and well-known by the actors involved in the Smart grid deployment. For instance, there is abundant statistical data about natural disasters, such as hurricanes or earthquakes, which makes it much easier for experts to characterise these threats from a risk point of view. Alternatively, natural disasters are random events while cyber threats depend on people (i.e. attackers): their motivations, capabilities, interests, etc. Besides, all these factors change over time. As a result, managing risks deriving from cyber security threats is a real challenge that needs to be addressed and solved. In order to succeed in such task it is important to first identify potential threats, at all levels, ranging from natural disasters to technical aspects. When identifying threats, it should not only be considered those targeting infrastructure operations, but

text: also those targeting the end consumer (i.e. privacy aspects) as well as national security related factors (i.e. government personnel, other national facilities, assets, and interests identified by national intelligence, etc.).

text: On a similar point, it is also relevant to consider the threat posed by unintentional events that could impact on the security of the systems, assets and intercommunications. While these events cannot be considered as the main topic of the study, rather more alongside it, they still have to be considered when developing general security recommendations. The paper “Interoperability & Critical Infrastructure Protection: A Review of Activities to Ensure the Reliability of the U.S. Power Grid” makes a case of the risks posed by unintentional events and incidents and the threat they present to smart grids.

text: Therefore, based on the threat domains defined on “Smart Grid Threat Landscape and Good Practice Guide” , the following table (Figure 6) has been developed and expanded in order to cover all the threats that directly affect Smart grid intercommunication networks. The details of each one of these attacks can be found on ANNEX B.

text: Common vulnerabilities and risk factors in smart grid communication networks

text: Following on from the previous section regarding the analysis of current threats, the next logical step is to evaluate the vulnerabilities that affect these systems, based on the knowledge provided by the experts consulted.

text: It is important to emphasise the fact that most security vulnerabilities in communication infrastructures require defining specific security measures to mitigate them such as: automating system data protection, identifying and enhancing a security perimeter, building comprehensive security through defence-in-depth, and restricting access to data and services to authenticated users based on operational requirements.

text: Many of these vulnerabilities result from deficient or non-existent security configuration options in the organizations’ Smart grid, employees’ mistakes, and workers attrition in system automation. Also, the industry is not quite aware about the threat environment and attacker capabilities, underestimating the risk that they are going to have to deal with. Following on from the previous chapter regarding the analysis of current threats, the next step is to list known vulnerabilities that could pose a serious risk to Smart grids, according to the ideas presented on the document by Aloula :

text:  Vulnerable consumers: The intelligent devices of the Smart grids can process massive amounts of data and send it to the utility company, consumer, and service providers. As a result, preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure is fundamental in order to protect proprietary and personal data privacy. This is particularly necessary to prevent unauthorized disclosure of information that is not open to the public and individuals and to implement robust transmission methods and protocols. This is extremely important, due to the fact that transmitted information includes private consumer data, which could potentially reveal consumer’s activities, devices being used, or consumption habits.  Massive number of devices: Smart grid networks have several intelligent devices that are involved in managing both electricity supply and network demand. This is due to the great area covered on the grids’ deployment, with many features and services that must be covered. Moreover, the sheer size of the network makes monitoring and managing it extremely difficult to carry out. On the other hand, a modification or update on these devices can lead to a great economic cost and many staff working hours due to the need to travel to the remote device location. These vulnerabilities could result in intelligent devices being used as attack entry points into the network. If attackers gain access to these machines, they can potentially steal confidential and private data through them, or even manipulate the transmitted information.  Coexistence of legacy and new devices: It is quite usual that legacy devices are in service along with more contemporary ones. This coexistence between devices may result in possible incompatibilities at physical and protocol levels; or even vulnerabilities and threats as a result of possible interdependencies between devices and networks. These legacy devices could become weak points and even cause severe conflicts with current power systems, unless specific security measures are implemented on them in order to mitigate these risks.  Implicit trust M2M by default: Several devices in their Machine to Machine (M2M) communications use implicit trust by default. This is an important weakness due to the interdependency with the other machine lead to the appearance of additional vulnerabilities. If an attacker gains control of the other machine involved, or pretends to be it, he could send wrong data to the first machine or receive confidential and private data from it. Data Spoofing is a threat for Device-to-Device communication in control systems; the state of one device involves the actions of another. Even more, this implicit trust can be used by attackers to carry out Man-in-the-Middle attacks, compromising the network interconnection between these devices and even the rest of the network.  Commercial hardware and software: Commercial hardware and software development is usually done separately from the operators who will make use of it later. This lack of interaction becomes an issue later when these operators proceed to implement security measures to protect the devices and the communications between them, sometimes being unable to fully implement them Therefore, using commercial assets entails vulnerabilities inherent to the hardware and software such as bugs, weaknesses, back-doors, failures or even outdated assets, which present a serious vulnerability for smart grid communications.

text:  Communication protocols: Communications between devices in the Smart grids, especially in the consumer domain, are done through well-known communication protocols. Besides, these protocols have been a long time in use and they are widespread. For example, some of the wireless protocols used in Smart grids (i.e. Bluetooth, ZigBee, Infrared, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, LTE, UMTS or GPRS) are already widely used in other contexts. Therefore, protocols applied on Smart grids are also an important source of vulnerabilities, and many of these vulnerabilities are well known by attackers, and they have even developed automated tools for easing these attacks. Also, many application-level protocols have been designed without adequate levels of intrinsic security mechanisms.  Human factors: All organisations have information that would put business operations at risk in the event that it was to be lost or corrupted in some way. Power grid companies are not exempt; most of their workers are dependent on their computer systems for the success of their businesses and know that cyber threats are increasing, nationally and internationally. Protecting these systems is costly. Even with the increasing sophistication of cyber-attacks from outside sources, the greatest proportion of data losses and failures are still caused by human errors. Many of these can easily be avoided once people become knowledgeable of the risks to information security and regard them as a personal duty. Despite the evidence that the human element plays a major part in the risks, most of operators have relied on electronic protection systems to secure confidentiality, integrity and availability; but this is no longer a safe option. This source of vulnerabilities includes all those human aspects and conditions that an attacker could take advantage of to successfully achieve its malicious objectives. This vulnerability depends on the security training employees receive and the security actions taken by organisations, especially regarding the use of network communications and the management and configuration of the smart grid assets in order to ensure that their communications are done securely and reliably. According to the document Smart Grid Security , attacks could be classified into three main categories depending on the target to attack:

text:  Component-wise attacks target field components that have Remote Terminal Units.  Protocol-wise attacks are focused on the communication protocol (reverse engineering, false data injections).  Topology-wise attacks target the topology of the network by carrying out Denial-of-Service.

text: Sample attacks against Smart grid communication networks and learnt lessons

text: The previously listed vulnerabilities and risks could be exploited by attackers with different motivations and could cause different levels of damage and cascade effects to Smart grids. This section includes examples about real life attacks against Smart grid communication networks and learnt lessons. Most of them have been obtained from the information gathered from the interviews made with experts who contributed to this document (see Figure 7). For more detailed scenarios and attack cases, please see “Electric Sector Failure Scenarios Common Vulnerabilities and Mitigations Mapping” and TACIT framework for the assessment of risk and impact of cyberattacks in smart-grids .

text: 5. Security good practices in communication networks for Smart grids

text: This chapter presents a gap analysis to evaluate which areas require further revision, as well as detecting those constraints, impairments and incentives that can affect the development and implementation of smart grid technologies on the different power grid domains. Furthermore, a summary of the good practices that can be applied to Smart Grid communication networks is defined.

text: Common security practices currently used by European smart grid operators

text: This section focuses on presenting the most common security practices that are carried out by smart grid operators located within the European Member States regarding communication networks. Regarding the overall security for smart grids, ENISA already published the report “Appropriate security measures for smart grids” , in order to help smart grid providers to improve the security and the resilience of their infrastructures and services. This technical document provides guidance to smart grid stakeholders by providing a set of minimum security measures which might help in improving the minimum level of their cyber security services.

text: Regulations/normative used

text: The European Commission decided to set up a Task Force on smart grids aiming to develop a common EU smart grid vision and identify key issues that need to be resolved . The Task Force consists of a steering committee and three Expert Groups. The high level steering committee includes regulatory bodies, Transmission Systems Operators (TSOs), Distribution System Operators (DSOs), Distribution Network Operators (DNOs), and consumer and technology suppliers working jointly to facilitate the smart grid and smart metering development. Therefore, there is a conscious effort within Europe to harmonize smart metering/grid standards, and to create a single set of European standards that will be widely adopted. These standards will play a key role to ensure a successful integration. A significant part of this endeavour targets challenges to the new and existing communication architectures, and possible solutions to achieve this integration.

text:  Smart metering communication standardization in Europe: Metering standardization (including automatic/remote meter reading, multiple dynamic tariffs, energy export functions, variable scheduled meter reading and demand control) is a well-established activity in Europe, where various organizations have been formed:  CEN: European Committee for Standardization.  CENELEC: European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization.  ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute.

text: Besides communication network standards for smart metering, these organizations also cover important standards for other aspects of smart metering. For example, IEC 61968-9 specifies interfaces for meter reading and control. It specifies the information content of a set of message types that can be used to support many of the business functions related to meter reading and control (e.g. meter reading, meter control, meter events, customer data synchronization and customer switching). It also defines a list of functionalities such as metrology, load control, demand response and relays, as well as a related set of XML-based control messages.  Worldwide standardization: It is worth noting that there are other major smart grid standards worldwide; for example, in the United States the IEEE P2030, IEEE 1547, ANSI, NIST and future IP for smart grids in the IETF have been developed. For instance, it is important to mention the development of the ANSI C12 suite of

text: standards in the US, which focus mainly on electricity meters. These standards are now being upgraded to reflect advances in smart metering, such as C12.19 Standard for Utility Industry End Device Data Tables (data models and formats for metering data) and the C12.22 Standard for Protocol Specification for Interfacing to Data Communication Networks (communicating smart metering data across a network). The IEEE P2030 project addresses smart grid interoperability, aiming to provide guidelines for enabling the integration of energy technologies with information and communication technologies (ICT) in order to achieve a seamless operation of the grid components and overall a more reliable and flexible electric power system. The IEEE 1547 Standard outlines a collection of requirements and specifications (performance, operation, testing, safety, and maintenance) to interconnect distributed energy resources with the distribution segment of the electric power system. These are globally needed for the interconnection of distributed energy resources, including distributed generators and energy storage infrastructure, which are essential in order to achieve a successful implementation of smart grids. ANSI/ISA 99 is a Security Guideline and User Resource for Industrial Automation and Control Systems. It contemplates compliance metrics as a central key issue. Their use can enable a measurement of the increased security level. This in turn might lead to an implementation of cyber-security standards that are not cost related. NIST is responsible for developing information security standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements for US federal information systems. It is a solid reference for industrial and business organizations. It has also developed an elaborated framework where specific controls are provided for a broad number of areas, sorted depending on the impact they have on the considered information systems. NIST 800- 53 includes an Appendix where this control framework has been adapted to the ICS requirements, both by updating existing controls and by adding new ones. IEC TC57 WG15 has developed cybersecurity standards for power system communications, specifically the IEC 60870-5 series, the IEC 60870-6 series, the IEC 61850 series, the IEC 61970 series, and the IEC 61968 series. The IEC 62351 standards (some under development or update) consist of:  IEC/TS 62351-3: Security for profiles including TCP/IP.  IEC/TS 62351-4: Security for profiles including MMS.  IEC/TS 62351-5: Security for IEC 60870-5 and derivatives.  IEC/TS 62351-6: Security for IEC 61850 profiles.  IEC/TS 62351-7: Objects for Network Management.  IEC/TS 62351-8: Role-Based Access Control.  IEC/TS 62351-9: Key Management.  IEC/TS 62351-10: Security Architecture.  IEC/TS 62351-11: Security for XML Files.  IEC/TR 62351-12: Resilience and Security Recommendations for Power Systems with DER - under development.  Other relevant standards: ISO 27001 is considered as a mature, general purpose standard that provides good practices and recommendations for information security management and is normally used for the implementation or management of Information Security Management Systems (ISMS). As information security is a general concept that affects all sectors and areas, it applies to all branches of an organization (not only specific security systems or SCADA systems). Its application should be appropriate for smart grids and SCADA systems.

text:  Common Criteria is an international standard for computer security certification. It povides assurance that the phases of specification, implementation and evaluation of a computer security product has been conducted in a rigorous, standard and repeatable manner at a level that is proportionate with the target environment for use.  NERC CIP is closely connected to the reliable operations’ support for bulk Electric Systems, providing a cyber-security framework for the identification and protection of Critical Cyber Assets. The current NERC framework recognizes the roles of each entity in the operation of the Bulk Electric System, the criticality and vulnerability of the assets needed to manage Electric System reliability, and the risks to which they are exposed.

text: Security protocols most used

text: To deal with potential security threats within the smart grid, countermeasures and defence strategies have to be widely deployed and integrated into both the network protocols and the architectures used. For example, compared with legacy power systems, the smart grid features full-fledged communication protocol stacks to accomplish the goal of secure and efficient communications in the entire network.

text: Recently, as described on “Considerations on the implementation of SCADA standards on critical infrastructures of power grids” , many efforts have been made within the power community to develop secure protocols for power grids, most of which are reusing existing protocol suites to achieve secure communications, such as IPsec, Transport Layer Security (TLS) and IPv6 . Apart from existing protocol suites, security extensions for power communication protocols have also become a primary focus in the literature and standardization e.g. the security extensions for the two widely-used power grid communication protocols, DNP3 and IEC 61850.

text: Secure data aggregation protocols have been also proposed for the smart grid, since the bottom-up traffic model (device-to-centre) can be applied in power systems, such as metering reading in the AMI network and device monitoring in the SCADA network.

text: Design of the smart grids

text: Physical and logical network architecture designs should limit or isolate the different individual domains that form up the smart grid, leaving only those interconnections needed. For this purpose, normally one of the following two proposed secure smart grid network architectures is used :

text:  Trust-based computing architecture.  Role-based network architecture.

text: Cryptographic primitive based approaches have become one of the major countermeasures applied against attacks that target network integrity and confidentiality and which can be affect the overall performance. The main topics regarding this issue are: encryption, authentication and key management for power systems. Some of the research challenges are:

text:  Trade-off between security and latency.  Emerging physical-layer authentication.  Symmetric key management for time-critical systems.  Key management for advanced metering infrastructure.

text: Contracting with network operators

text: There are not standards or guidelines defined to be used by operators or companies regarding security practices for contracting services to network operators. However, common sense dictates that the following points should be considered:

text:  Use of Service Level Agreements (SLA) applied by contract in relation to the requirements that the provider has to comply with (such as bandwidth, quality of service, coverage or support).  Redundancy in network communications.  Use of different protocols and technologies.  Contracts with different network operators.

text: Moreover the following “Evaluation criteria on communication technologies” should be taken into consideration:

text: Non-technical: Technical:  costs • availability o OPEX • temporal o CAPEX • local  operator‘s authority • max. downtime  customer acceptance • reliability • performance • data throughput • capacity • coverage • nodes per cell • clustering • latency • physical medium • right of use • licence free • primary /secondary • internal consumption • installation efforts • integrability • functional • multicasting • scalability • life span • standardization • quality of service • guaranteed future • network-security • technology dissemination • combinability with other technologies • network management • operating efforts

text: • topology • distance without repeater

text: Procurement and certification of the systems

text: In order to include certification requirements in the procurement process, certifications should focus on the whole life-cycle of the product not only on the product itself; from the initial design phase and up to their end of life. Additionally, a certification scheme will need to incorporate the different types of certifications that apply to the product life-cycle, because product development certification, product certification and operation certification cannot be subject to the same certification type. Currently, the procurement process includes certification requirements which only focus on products like smart meters (i.e. secure protocols, physical security, and cryptography).

text: Testing the smart grid components

text: This includes testing all participating components in the smart grid context: system actors, applications, power system equipment (typically located at process and field level), protection and tele-control devices, network infrastructure (wired / wireless communication connections, routers, switches, servers) and any type of computers used. It addresses the security of the individual components, focused on hardware, software, and the functions the devices should perform and support. The process for testing the smart grid components includes conformity testing, functional testing and interoperability testing :

text:  Conformity testing: assess the compliance of the test subject to standardised requirements.  Functional testing: assess the ability of the test subject to provide the required functionality. This functionality is usually described in a standard referred to during the tests.  Interoperability testing: assess the ability of two or more systems to exchange information and to make mutual use of the information that has been exchanged. A more specific form of testing that is commonly carried out in security audits is penetration testing. This type of testing revolves around the exploitation of possible design flaws and weaknesses to compromise the security of a device. Such tests do not focus on a specific test book, but rely more on the creativity of the tester, and the time that there is available to carry out the test. Penetration testing can be incorporated as part of a functional test, by describing it as a negative test case for a functional requirement. Depending on the nonconformity risks, it can be decided to perform first, second and third party assessments. However, in practice, only third party certification is seen as trustworthy for most cyber security specialists.

text: Gap analysis and identification of areas of improvement

text: The first step is to develop a gap analysis to detect weak areas and possible improvements to the grid’s security. According to the results of this analysis the following areas are in need of improvement:

text: Technical points of attention

text: There are several domains that require security-related improvements in order to ensure the protection of the grid itself:

text:  Last mile awareness as part of cyber-security awareness campaigns: The logical security measures on the last mile of the network have to be taken into consideration. This part of the network is already protected at physical

text: level, but in most cases the cyber security is insufficient or inexistent. Smart grids companies should protect the last-mile communication systems from three dimensions: data, device and communication.  Always use secure communication protocols on SCADA devices: since most SCADA protocols were designed long before network security was considered as a relevant risk, applying security measures on SCADA protocols was not considered as a priority. This however is no longer the case, and secure communication protocols have become a must in order to protect smart grids.  Always use interoperable communication protocols on SCADA devices: SCADA devices designed by different manufacturers used their own proprietary protocols, that in have been compatible with devices produced by same manufacturer. Due to the distributed nature of smart grids, these devices must now be compatible, not only for security but also in order to guarantee the power supply on the grid.  Avoid the use of proprietary/homebrew protocols on SCADA systems and other related assets: related to the previous point, not only must SCADA systems be compatible with each other; it is also highly recommended for them to use standardized protocols defined by the whole industry, not individually by each manufacturer.

text: Organizational needs in the smart grid domain

text: Service Providers, Customer and Markets domains need specific and properly defined policies and standards covering all smart grid domains and areas (communications, billing, customer management, account management, installation and maintenance, micro generation, etc.). There are several possible steps for improvement:  Develop policies to ensure periodic software and firmware updates to SCADA systems: as these systems are now interconnected, and in many occasions passing through the Internet and other public networks, it becomes necessary to update them periodically to fix vulnerabilities and add new security measures to ensure the safety of the smart grid communications.  Foster guidelines regarding smart grid communications officially supported by all MS: the Member States’ competent authorities should harmonize policies regarding the security of smart grid communications in order to standardize them and ensure a smooth implementation of smart grids in different environments.  Involve vendors and manufacturers in the protection of the devices and network elements: Vendors and manufactures are not sufficiently involved in the security development process of the smart grid devices, which is required in order to implement the security measures by default on them. For this purpose, it will be necessary to establish common regulatory bodies in Europe in charge of establishing a baseline containing a set of basic features that all manufacturers should always implement on their products.  Cybersecurity awareness campaigns for smart grid company employees: Security incidents could be more easily avoided if employees are aware of these risks and are prepared against them. For this purpose it is necessary to offer them awareness campaigns in these topics.

text: Certifications needed specifically for smart grid security

text: There are many defined standards for different aspects of the protocols, architectures and smart grid devices. However there is a lack of alignment in these guidelines, as there is no preferred one, and nowadays manufacturers and vendors can make use of any of them without any regard about the one used by the rest. This leads to compatibility problems, especially on the intercommunications and interdependencies between devices, leading to further problems later on during the deployment of the smart grids. Therefore, the lack of standardized certification schemes at a European level is a problem that must be worked on and solved in order to improve greatly the security and efficiency of smart grids.

text: Issues highlight during the interviews

text: During the interviews it was underlined the lack of studies regarding interdependencies among smart grid devices and their intercommunications between the grid implementations of the different European Member States. This

text: lack of knowledge leads to the need to further evaluate them in the future. This specifically refers to each individual implementation, and as such each individual case would have to be evaluated. However, it is still highly recommended to establish a common baseline throughout Europe in order to avoid current and future interdependency issues among Member States’ smart grids.

text: Constraint and incentive analysis for the deployment of security measures

text: The constraints, impairments and incentives that affect the security measure deployment process on smart grids can be divided into four mayor groups:

text: Economic constraints and incentives

text: Fragmented markets are the main barrier that impedes the smart grid implementation process. Due to the lack of a harmonized approach, implementation costs rise considerably. Still, there are similarities among countries that can be used to create consensus, and a combination of schemes could be an acceptable solution on a European level, which would also impact in lower costs. It will be a challenge to keep cost to a minimum level while still providing enough security; as security is a topic that penetrates all aspects of a system, and therefore has to be widely implemented without directly providing justification of the necessary costs and effort. The benefits of the implementation of security measures are shared among different groups : such as the firms operating in the country or the society as a whole, and only a small part concerns the electricity utilities. From a profitability viewpoint, electric companies have no direct incentive to increase their security levels, as cyber-threats have been irrelevant to legacy power grids until the arrival of smart grids. This explains their reluctance to perform such huge investments. Public regulation and support to firms operating in competitive branches of the energy sector is definitely necessary. Electric supply security is a very important point of the electric service, since our lives and economic activities have become more and more dependent on this commodity, and a lack of supply would cause huge losses and overall panic. Technical security measures are usually quite expensive to implement (e.g. communication network redundancy cost-effective system, security requirements implementation by manufacturers, etc.), and as such need their cost-effectiveness needs to be evaluated in each case.

text: Organizational constraints and incentives

text: Heterogeneity and differences in applicable regulations on the European Member States countries are one of the main concerns in this case. In particular:

text:  Different national regulations, although a common framework established by the UE already exists.  Different roles of public firms.  Different national market structures.

text: Cyber-security is not currently at the front-line, as not enough attention is being paid in Europe to cyber-security and data privacy protection. There is a generalized perception that cyber-security is not a critical aspect of the smart grids. Furthermore, the governments of several European countries are rushing to develop and deploy their smart grids. Unfortunately, rushing at this point can be counter-productive, causing the resulting infrastructure to lack the appropriate security measures. However, the benefits of having aligned standards and recommendations outweigh its costs. By having the same standards, all European countries will implement their own smart grids following similar architectures and trends, helping greatly to ensure the compatibility and proper interdependency and intercommunication of all their systems and services.

text: Technical constraints and incentives

text: There is a lack of standard reference architectures for smart grids in Europe. There are many standards, but no single one is considered as the baseline for implementations of these networks, independently of the domain evaluated (including generation, distribution, transmission and customer premises). For technically-complex devices, their configuration and management is difficult, especially in implementations with large number of devices. Therefore this increases the cost of applying new configurations or updates on them in order to fix vulnerabilities. Manufacturers have to design their devices in a way that they support easier upgrade and management solutions. This also applies to large intercommunication networks, where their management and protection also requires large investments. Therefore, while the implementation of security measures is costly, and has considerable technical implications, its benefit is clear as their protection, and of their interdependencies, ensures the proper operation and working of the grid and their systems, allowing for more efficient energy distribution and taking advantage of all the new features and services that smart grid support

text: Social constraints and incentives

text: Smart grids can be considered as critical infrastructures, as they are essential in order to maintain vital societal functions, health & safety and economic status of the people. The disruption or destruction of such infrastructures could have a serious impact on a Member State, which leads to the need to protect them. This is even more applicable for the intercommunication networks and interconnections in smart grids, as an attack on them can have the same nefarious effect as a physical attack against the traditional power infrastructure. Unfortunately, security awareness and public perceptions on these risks are still low, and requires a lot of work to be changed; for this purpose, it is recommended to include awareness campaigns on the long term deployment plans in order to ensure that they are informed and aware of these new needs.

text: Available communication security guidelines applicable to Smart grids

text: There are various good practices published for all aspects of communication networks, communication devices, Smart grid systems and SCADA devices. This section is focused on summarizing those that are relevant to this study, which mainly concerns those regarding Smart grid devices and architectures, and communication networks in general.

text: The documents that have been considered as part of this section are:

text:  Best practices for handling smart grid cyber security .  Connecting and securing Legacy Electrical substations to the smart grid .  ENISA Good Practices in Resilient Internet Interconnection .  ENISA Recommendations for Europe and Member States .  NESCOR Electric Sector Failure Scenarios Common Vulnerabilities and Mitigations Mapping.  Smart Grid Security: Threats, Vulnerabilities and Solutions .  ENISA Smart Grid Threat Landscape and Good Practice Guide .  ENISA Threat Landscape and Good Practice Guide for Internet Infrastructure .  NIST Guidelines for Smart Grid Cybersecurity .

text:  OSCE Good Practices Guide on Non-Nuclear Critical Energy Infrastructure Protection (NNCEIP) from Terrorist Attacks Focusing on Threats Emanating from Cyberspace .

text: Figure 8 displays a list of these categories, with the good practices that apply to each one. These good practices have been numbered in order to better reference them throughout the document.

text: Categorization of good practices on smart grid communication networks

text: After the study of existing good practices, and sorting them into relevant categories, the next step is to evaluate and organize them based on their impact, focused on people, technical and organisational aspects. The concepts evaluated are:

text:  Smart grid domains are related to: people, organizational aspects or technical aspects.

text:  Implementation complexity: rate their implementation difficulty based on the requirements related to the domains defined previously. The ratings go from “low” (feasible) to “high”(not feasible).  Cause: justification of the rating given to the implementation complexity column.

text: The table on Figure 9 presents the result of the evaluation carried out following the specifications defined for the analysis.

text: 6. Recommendations to improve security of communication networks in smart grids

text: This chapter presents a series of recommendations to improve the security level of the communication networks used for intercommunications in smart grids. These recommendations are intended mainly for operators, vendors, manufacturers and security tool providers located within European Member States.

text: The first recommendation will serve as an overview of the rest of recommendations, as a means of establishing the appropriate focus for them.

text: to establish a common posture for smart grid communication interdependencies. Cyber security has become one of the main concerns regarding the implementation of smart grids, and especially regarding the networks used for the interconnection of all the assets that make up this new grid. Therefore, an inherent requirement is to protect these communication networks, the data that travels through them and the devices connected to them. For this reason, it is necessary to collaborate with all involved parties (operators, manufacturers, vendors, distributors and security experts) in order to further develop solutions to fill these requirements. Each European country has a different regulation and infrastructure regarding power grids, in many cases due to the specific needs of each one. Furthermore, they tend to make use of different standards for these implementations, architectures and assets in use. European Commission should promote and support initiatives regarding the improvement of smart grid intercommunications security according to the recommendations described on this document, which will serve as a prerequisite to raise the level of smart grid security on both European and National intercommunication networks. There is the need to harmonize European requirements and standards for smart grid communication networks, especially regarding the homologation of security devices and protocols.

text: between devices from different manufacturers and vendors. Currently, many manufacturers and vendors, due to the lack of standards, make use of their own proprietary protocols and communication systems for the intercommunication between their devices. Therefore, this leads to the fact that when a distributor or utility makes use of these devices, the rest of the network devices have to be provided by the same vendor, or have to be specifically compatible with them. This, although can be seen as a benefit from the manufacturers’ side, is in fact a grave problem due to the massive size of the smart grid networks, and the fact that many of the devices currently in use come from different manufacturers as different specifications are needed for each network segment. Distributors, utilities and other involved actors should make use of devices from different vendors without having to worry about incompatibilities in the communications among them. Alternatively, providers could make their protocols open-source instead of proprietary, to enable other companies to make their devices compatible with these communications. This has as an additional advantage the fact that by being open source, their implementation can be reviewed by third parties, which can analyze it and find and fix bug and security vulnerabilities.

text: security requirements to be applied in all communication interdependencies in smart grids. The first step for improving security of the intercommunications, interdependencies and devices part of the smart grids is to establish a series of minimum security requirements that have to be met in order to protect the overall grid connectivity. These security requirements and associated controls must be defined in order to achieve a minimum level of security that will ensure service continuity and resilience, both in public and private environments. This has to be promoted at a European level in order to ensure its success. This could be done by establishing a working group at a European level, with representation of all relevant stakeholders, in order to define a series of recommendations regarding the minimum security requirements that should always be applied to smart grid devices, intercommunications and

text: interdependencies. Alternatively, define guidelines that include the implementation of minimum security requirements for all devices, interconnections and interdependencies for the deployment of new smart grids.

text: Recommendation 4: Manufacturers, vendors and asset owners should implement security measures on all devices

text: and protocols that are part, or make use of the smart grid communication network. Traditionally, grid devices and assets were usually isolated, or interconnected through private local networks. However, smart grids bring a new level of interconnection, where devices can be connected to large networks, wireless networks and even the Internet. This leads to the need to protect these communications against eavesdropping and tampering, from the origin and up to the destination. For this purpose, security measures need to be applied to the devices and the protocols used for interconnection, and this needs to be considered from the device design phase onwards in order to avoid the implementation costs from skyrocketing. This could be achieved by:

text:  Supporting the implementation of security measures by default on all the protocols used for intercommunications within the smart grid network.  Boosting the implementation of standard security measures by default on all devices that are going to be part of the smart grid communication network.  Involving manufacturers, vendors and security tool providers in the process for improving security of both devices and protocols.

text: periodic security update support. Nowadays, it is the norm for software and firmware to receive periodic updates to fix vulnerabilities, add new security features or fixes, and even add new characteristics. This is quite common on personal devices and servers, where it has become a common practice to establish a periodic update and maintenance phase to ensure that all systems are always up to date. However, the same cannot be said with smart devices in traditional grids, and which now translates to smart grids. Firstly, power grid devices where usually isolated and protected behind physical security measures, and as such it was not needed to update them unless if there was a critical bug. Furthermore, these devices are normally running non-stop 24x7x365, and stopping them requires a considerable amount of time and resources. Devices must be designed to be easily updated, both their software and firmware, in order to ensure that they maintain an acceptable security level. There is no direct alternative in this case as the devices will be interconnected to the main smart grid network, and sometimes even to the Internet, and any security vulnerability found in them has to be fixed. Although it is possible to that in some cases these vulnerabilities can be fixed by applying specific configuration or mitigation features, not all vulnerabilities can be fixed this way. Manufacturers and vendors should work together on this topic, as they need to design their devices to be easily updatable, and need to develop an update program to maintain them updated.

text: promote incident reporting and attack patterns sharing. Attacks against electrical grids have not been very common in the past, as many systems where isolated and gaining access to one did not grant an entry point to the rest of the system. However, with the implementation of smart grids, many new attack vectors and network entry points have appeared as a consequence of their intercommunicated and distributed nature. Even more, it is just a matter of time that large attacks focus on them and begin threatening their stability. For this reason, it becomes necessary to share data and attack patterns to help all involved agents to protect their assets and develop countermeasures which can, in turn, be shared to protect the overall smart grid network. This can be achieved by facilitating incident reporting intercommunications to share attack patterns and trends among European agencies, Member State agencies and other relevant stakeholders. Foster attack data sharing between companies and involved stakeholders to prevent future attacks. Establish sharing mechanisms among organizations and countries in order to share data related to attacks suffered, threats and attack trends.

text: promote increased training and awareness campaigns. One of the gripes that threats smart grids is also the lack of

text: qualified professionals, and many of the existing ones lacking adequate training and awareness regarding security in the new scenarios that have appeared on energy grids due to the new features that come with the implementation of smart grid technologies. There are a number of actions that could be put in places:  Specific training courses to teach operators and manufacturers to implement security measures and to mitigate risks that are inherently part of the smart grid systems.  Awareness campaigns to inform professionals about the latest threats and risks that affect smart grids and related technologies, as well as possible solution or mitigation actions.

text: ENISA

text: Athens Office

text: 1 Vass. Sofias & Meg. Alexandrou Marousi 151 24, Athens, Greece TP-04-15-827-EN-N

text: PO Box 1309, 710 01 Heraklion, Greece ISBN: 978-92-9204-139-7 DOI: 10.2824/949547 Tel: +30 28 14 40 9710 info@enisa.europa.eu www.enisa.europa.eu