court: icj

doctype: beslut

caseName: Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy)

decisionType: order

procedure: Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures

publisher: International Court of Justice

reportsCitation: I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 48

title: Order of 2 June 1999

text: Genocide Convention

text: Genocide Convention, article II

text: Genocide Convention, article IX

text: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

text: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

text: INTERNATIONAL COURT O F JUSTICE

type: rubrik

text: YEAR 1999 1999 2 June General List 2 June 1999 No. 109

type: stycke

text: CASE CONCERNING LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

text: (YUGOSLAVIA v. ITALY)

text: REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION O F PROVISIONAL MEASURES

text: ORDER

text: Present : Vice- President WEERAMANTRY, Acting President ; President SCHWEBEL; Judges ODA, BEDJAOUI, GUILLAUME, RANJEVA, HERCZEGH, SHI, FLEISCHHAUER, KOROMA, VERESHCHETIN, H I G G I N ~ , PARRA-ARANGUREN, KOOIJMANS; Judges ad hoc GAJA, KRECA; Registrar VALENCIA-OSPINA.

text: The International Court of Justice, Composed as above, After deliberation, Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to Articles 73 and 74 of the Rules of Court, Having regard to the Application by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (hereinafter "Yugoslavia") filed in the Registry of the Court on 29 April 1999, instituting proceedings against the Italian Republic (hereinafter "Italy") "for violation of the obligation not to use force",

text: Makes the folloti~ing Order.

text: Whereas in that Application Yugoslavia defines the subject of the dispute as follows: "The subject-matter of the dispute are acts of the Italian Republic by which it has violated its international obligation banning the use of force against another State, the obligation not to intervene in the internal affairs of another State, the obligation not to violate the sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect the civilian population and civilian objects in wartime, the obligation to protect the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation on international rivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human rights and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons, the obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated to cause the physical destruction of a national group";

text: Whereas in the said Application Yugoslavia refers, as a basis for the iurisdiction of the Court. to Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention a n d Punishment of the crime of Genocide, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948 (hereinafter the "

text: Genocide Convention

text: "), and to

text: Article 38

text: , paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court;

text: Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the claims submitted by it to the Court are based upon the following facts: "The Government of the Italian Republic, together with the Governments of other Member States of NATO, took part in the acts of use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by taking part in bombing targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In bombing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia military and civilian targets were attacked. Great number of people were killed, including a great many civilians. Residential houses came under attack. Numerous dwellings were destroyed. Enormous damage was caused to schools, hospitals, radio and television stations, cultural and health institutions and to places of worship. A large number of bridges, roads and railway lines were destroyed. Attacks on oil refineries and chemical plants have had serious environmental effects on cities, towns and villages in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The use of weapons containing depleted uranium is having far-reaching consequences for human life. The above-mentioned acts are deliberately creating conditions calculated a t the physical destruction of an ethnie group, in whole o r in part. The Government of the Italian Republie is taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping and supplying the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army'";

text: and whereas it further States that the said claims are based on the following legal grounds:

text: "The above acts of the Italian Republic represent a gross violation of the obligation not to use force against another State. By financing, arming, training and equipping the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army', support is given to terrorist groups and the secessionist movement in the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of the obligation not to intervene in the internal affairs of another State. In addition, the provisions of the Geneva Convention of 1949 and of the Additional Protocol No. 1 of 1977 on the protection of civilians and civilian objects in time of war have been violated. The obligation to protect the environment has also been breached. The destruction of bridges on the Danube is in contravention of the provisions of Article 1 of the 1948 Convention on free navigation on the Danube. The provisions of the

text: and of the

text: of 1966 have also been breached. Furthermore, the obligation contained in the

text: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

text: not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the group has been breached. Furthermore. the activities in which the Italian Reoublic is taking part are contrari to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the d a r t e r of the United Nations":

text: Whereas the claims of Yugoslavia are formulated as follows in the Application :

text: "The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requests the International Court of Justice to adjudge and declare: by taking part in the bombing of the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to use force against another State;

text: by taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping and supplying terrorist groups, i.e. the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army', the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to intervene in the affairs of another State;

text: - by taking part in attacks on civilian targets, the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation to spare the civilian population, civilians and civilian objects;

text: by taking part in destroying or damaging monasteries, monuments of culture, the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to commit any act of hostility directed against historical monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute cultural or spiritual heritage of people;

text: by taking part in the use of cluster bombs, the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons, i.e. weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering;

text: by taking part in the bombing of oil refineries and chemical plants, the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to cause considerable environmental damage;

text: by taking part in the use of weapons containing depleted uranium, the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons and not to cause far-reaching health and environmental damage; by taking part in killing civilians, destroying enterprises, communications, health and cultural institutions, the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation to respect the right to life, the right to work, the right to information, the right to health care as well as other basic human rights;

text: by taking part in destroying bridges on international rivers, the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation to respect freedom of navigation on international rivers;

text: by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted uranium, the Italian Republic has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to deliberately inflict on a national group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part;

text: the Italian Republic is responsible for the violation of the above international obligations; the Italian Republic is obliged to stop immediately the violation of the above obligations vis-à-vis the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ; the Italian Republic is obliged to provide compensation for the damage done to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and to its citizens and juridical persons";

text: and whereas, a t the end of its Application, Yugoslavia reserves the right to amend and supplement it;

text: Whereas on 29 April 1999, immediately after filing its Application, Yugoslavia also submitted a request for the indication of provisional measures pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court; and whereas that request was accompanied by a volume of photographic annexes produced as "evidence" ;

text: Whereas, in support of its request for the indication of provisional measures, Yugoslavia contends inter alia that, since the onset of the bombing of its territory, and as a result thereof, about 1,000 civilians, including 19 children, have been killed and more than 4,500 have sustained serious injuries; that the lives of three million children are endangered; that hundreds of thousands of citizens have been exposed to poisonous gases; that about one million citizens are short of water supply; that about 500,000 workers have become jobless; that two million citizens have no means of livelihood and are unable to ensure minimum means of sustenance; and that the road and railway network has suffered extensive destruction; whereas, in its request for the indication of provisional measures, Yugoslavia also lists the targets alleged to have come under attack in the air strikes and describes in detail the damage alleged to have been inflicted upon them (bridges, railway lines and stations, roads and means of transport, airports, industry and trade, refineries and warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals, agriculture, hospitals and health care centres, schools, public buildings and housing facilities, infrastructure, telecommunications, cultural-historical monuments and religious shrines); and whereas Yugoslavia concludes from this that:

text: "The acts described above caused death, physical and mental harm to the population of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; huge devastation; heavy pollution of the environment, so that the Yugoslav population is deliberately imposed conditions of life calculated to bring about physical destruction of the group, in whole or in part" ;

text: Whereas, at the end of its request for the indication of provisional measures, Yugoslavia States that

text: "If the proposed measure were not to be adopted, there will be new losses of human life, further physical and mental harm inflicted on the population of the F R of Yugoslavia, further destruction of civilian targets, heavy environmental pollution and further physical destruction of the people of Yugoslavia";

text: and whereas, while reserving the right to amend and supplement its request, Yugoslavia requests the Court to indicate the following measure: "The Italian Republic shall cease immediately its acts of use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

text: Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures was accompanied by a letter from the Agent of Yugoslavia, addressed to the President and Members of the Court, which read as follows: "1 have the honour to bring to the attention of the Court the latest bombing of the central area of the town of Surdulica on 27 April 1999 at noon resulting in losses of lives of civilians, most of whom were children and women, and to remind of killings of peoples in Kursumlija, Aleksinac and Cuprija, as well as bombing of a refugee convoy and the Radio and Television of Serbia, just to mention some of the well-known atrocities. Therefore, 1 would like to caution the Court that there is a highest probability of further civilian and military casualties. Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for provisional measure of protection 1 kindly ask the Court to decide on the submitted Requests proprio m o t u or to fix a date for a hearing a t earliest possible time";

text: Whereas on 29 April 1999, the day on which the Application and the request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in the Registry, the Registrar sent to the Italian Government signed copies of the Application and of the request, in accordance with Article 38, paragraph 4, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas he also sent to that Government copies of the documents accompanying the Application and the request for the indication of provisional measures ;

text: Whereas on 29 April 1999 the Registrar informed the Parties that the Court had decided, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, to hold hearings on 10 and I I May 1999, where they would be able to present their observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures;

text: Whereas, pending the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court, the Registrar on 29 April 1999 informed those States of the filing of the Application and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the request for the indication of provisional measures;

text: Whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of

text: Yugoslav nationality, the Yugoslav Government has availed itself of the provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr. Milenko KreCa to sit as judge ad hoc in the case; and whereas no objection to that choice was raised within the time-limit fixed for the purpose pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court; whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of Italian nationality, the Italian Government has availed itself of the provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr. Giorgio Gaja to sit as judge ad hoc, in the case; whereas, within the time-limit fixed for the purpose pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, Yugoslavia, referring to Article 31, paragraph 5, of the Statute, objected to that choice; and whereas the Court, after due deliberation, found that the nomination of a judge ad hoc by Italy was justified in the present phase of the case;

text: Whereas, at the public hearings held between 10 and 12 May 1999, oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures were presented by the following: On hehuij of Yugoslavia: Mr. Rodoljub Etinski, Agent, Mr. Ian Brownlie, Mr. Paul J. 1. M. de Waart, Mr. Eric Suy, Mr. Miodrag Mitii., Mr. Olivier Corten; On brhaif of I r a l ~ ~ : Mr. Umberto Leanza, Agent, Mr. Luigi Daniele;

text: Whereas, in this phase of the proceedings, the Parties presented the following submissions :

text: On behaif of Yugoslavia

text: "[Tlhe Court [is asked] to indicate the following provisional measure : [Tlhe Italian Republic . . . shall cease immediately the acts of use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

text: On behalf of Italy: "May it please the Court: 1. to order that the case be removed from the General List pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court; 2. in the alternative, to refuse the request for the indication of provisional measures filed by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999 ;

text: 3. in any event, to refrain from indicating in respect of the Italian Republic the provisional measures specified in the Yugoslav request, or any other provisional measure."

text: Whereas the Court is deeply concerned with the human tragedy, the loss of life, and the enormous suffering in Kosovo which form the background of the present dispute, and with the continuing loss of life and human suffering in al1 parts of Yugoslavia;

text: Whereas the Court is profoundly concerned with the use of force in Yugoslavia; whereas under the present circumstances such use raises very serious issues of international law;

text: Whereas the Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the maintenance of peace and security under the Charter and the Statute of the Court;

text: Whereas the Court deems it necessary to emphasize that al1 parties appearing before it must act in conformity with their obligations under the United Nations Charter and other rules of international law, including humanitarian law;

text: Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or between other States to whom access to the Court has been granted; whereas the Court has repeatedly stated "that one of the fundamental principles of its Statute is that it cannot decide a dispute between States without the consent of those States to its jurisdiction" (Eust Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, 1. C. J. Reports 1995, p. 101, para. 26); and whereas the Court can therefore exercise jurisdiction only between States parties to a dispute who not only have access to the Court but also have accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the individual dispute concerned;

text: Whereas on a request for provisional measures the Court need not, before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, yet it ought not to indicate such measures unless the provisions invoked by the applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be established;

text: Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims in the first place to

text: found the jurisdiction of the Court on

text: Article IX

text: of the

text: Genocide Convention

text: , which provides : "Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute"; and whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the subject of the dispute concerns infer alirr "acts of the Italian Republic by which it has violated its international obligation . . . not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated to cause the physical destruction of a national group"; whereas, in describing the facts on which the Application is based, Yugoslavia states: "The above-mentioned acts are deliberately creating conditions calculated at the physical destruction of an ethnic group, in whole or in part"; whereas, in its statement of the legal grounds on which the Application is based, Yugoslavia contends that "the obligation . . . not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the group has been breached"; and whereas one of the claims on the merits set out in the Application is formulated as follows: "by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted uranium, the Republic of Italy has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to deliberately inflict on a national group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part";

text: Whereas Yugoslavia contends moreover that the sustained and intensive bombing of the whole of its territory, including the most heavily populated areas, constitutes "a serious violation of

text: Article II

text: of the

text: Genocide Convention

text: "; whereas it argues that "the pollution of soil, air and water, destroying the economy of the country, contaminating the environment with depleted uranium, inflicts conditions of life on the Yugoslav nation calculated to bring about its physical destruction"; whereas it asserts that it is the Yugoslav nation as a whole and as such that is targeted; and whereas it stresses that the use of certain weapons whose long-term hazards to health and the environment are already known, and the destruction of the largest part of the country's power supply system, with catastrophic consequences of which the Respondent must be aware, "impl[y] the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the Yugoslav national group as such;

text: Whereas for its part ltaly contends that

text: Article IX

text: of the

text: Genocide Convention

text: "does not constitute - even prima facie - a basis of juris-

text: diction such that the Court can consider the merits" of the case; whereas it observes in this connection that "the allegations made by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Italy concern, in particular, a violation of international obligations obviously not caught - even indirectly - by the

text: Genocide Convention

text: "; and whereas, with regard to the tenth claim formulated in the Yugoslav Application (see paragraph 4 above), that is to Say, the only claim in which the applicant State "appears to invoke the violation of obligations under the Convention", Italy considers that "[mlanifestly, both the subjective element and the objective element of the crime of genocide are lacking"; whereas it States, inter alia, with regard to the objective element, that the "action taken by the NATO Member States is directed a t the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and not at its people" and that "the concept of 'genocide' does not cover action relating to the whole of the population of a State"; whereas it contends, with regard to the subjective element, that there is "absence of the psychological component of the crime [of genocide] - the deliberate and intentional desire to achieve its inherent objective, namely the destruction of al1 or part of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such";

text: Whereas it is not disputed that both Yugoslavia and Italy are parties to the

text: Genocide Convention

text: without reservation; and whereas Article IX of the Convention accordingly appears to constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded to the extent that the subject-matter of the dispute relates to "the interpretation, application or fulfilment" of the Convention, including disputes "relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III" of the said Convention;

text: Whereas, in order to determine, even prima facie, whether a dispute within the meaning of

text: Article IX

text: of the

text: Genocide Convention

text: exists, the Court cannot limit itself t o noting that one of the Parties maintains that the Convention applies, while the other denies it; and whereas in the present case the Court must ascertain whether the breaches of the Convention alleged by Yugoslavia are capable of falling within the provisions of that instrument and whether, as a consequence, the dispute is one which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain pursuant to Article IX (cf. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of Americu), Preliminury Objection, Judgment, I. C. J. Reports 1996 ( I I ) , p. 810, para. 16);

text: Whereas the definition of genocide set out in

text: Article II

text: of the

text: Genocide Convention

text: reads as follows:

text: "In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

text: ( L I ) Killing members of the group;

text: (6) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group ; ( c ) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (cl) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; ( e ) Forcibly transferring children of the group t o another group";

text: Whereas it appears to the Court, from this definition, "that [the] essential characteristic [of genocide] is the intended destruction of 'a national, ethnical, racial or religious group'" (Application of the Conventiotz on the Prevention uncl Purzislitl~ent of the Crime of Genocide, Provisiorztll Metrszrres, Order of 13 Septe~nber 1993, I. C. J. Reports 1993, p. 345, para. 42); whereas the threat or use of force against a State cannot in itself constitute an act of genocide within the meaning of

text: Article II

text: of the

text: Genocide Convention

text: ; and whereas, in the opinion of the Court, it does not appear at the present stage of the proceedings that the bombings which form the subject of the Yugoslav Application "indeed entail the element of intent, towards a group as such, required by the provision quoted above" (Legulity of the Threut or (/.se oJ'Nucleur Weupons, Adilisorj, Opinion. I. C. J. Reports 1996 ( 1) , p. 240, para. 26) ;

text: Whereas the Court is therefore not in a position to find, at this stage of the proceedings, that the acts imputed by Yugoslavia to the Respondent are capable of coming within the provisions of the Genocide Coiîvention; and whereas Article IX of the Convention, invoked by Yugoslavia, cannot accordingly constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court could prima facie be founded in this case;

text: Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the second place, to found the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, which reads as follows: " 5 . When the applicant State proposes t o found the jurisdiction of the Court upon a consent thereto yet to be given or manifested by the State against which such application is made, the application shall be transmitted to that State. It shall not however be entered in the General List, nos any action be taken in the proceedings, unless and until the State against which such application is made consents to the Court's jurisdiction for the purposes of the case";

text: Whereas Italy contends that the reference made by Yugoslavia to Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court shows that the Applicant was "aware, when it submitted its Application, that there was no existing title" between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Italy conferring jurisdiction on the Court; and it points out that the Italian Government "has no intention of consenting to the Court's jurisdiction to consider the merits" :

text: Whereas it is quite clear that, in the absence of consent by Italy, given pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules, the Court cannot exercise jurisdiction in the present case, even prima facie;

text: Whereas it follows from what has been said above that the Court lacks prima facie jurisdiction to entertain Yugoslavia's Application; and whereas the Court cannot therefore indicate any provisional measure whatsoever in order t o protect the rights invoked therein;

text: Whereas, however, the findings reached by the Court in the present proceedings in no way prejudge the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of the case under

text: Article IX

text: of the

text: Genocide Convention

text: , or any questions relating to the admissibility of the Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and whereas they leave unaffected the right of the Governments of Yugoslavia and Italy to submit arguments in respect of those questions;

text: Whereas in consequence the Court cannot, at this stage of the proceedings, accede to Italy's request that the case be removed from the List;

text: Whereas there is a fundamental distinction between the question of the acceptance by a State of the Court's jurisdiction and the compatibility of particular acts with international law: the former requires consent; the latter question can only be reached when the Court deals with the merits after having established its jurisdiction and having heard full legal arguments by both parties;

text: Whereas, whether or not States accept the jurisdiction of the Court, they remain in any event responsible for acts attributable to them that violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any disputes relating to the legality of such acts are required to be resolved by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the Charter, is left to the parties;

text: Whereas in this context the parties should take care not to aggravate o r extend the dispute;

text: Whereas, when such a dispute gives rise to a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression, the Security Council has special

text: responsibilities under Chapter VI1 of the Charter;

text: For these reasons,

text: ( 1 ) By thirteen votes to three,

text: Rrjects the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999; I N FAVOUR: Vice-Presidrnt Weeramantry, Acting President; President Schwebel; Judges Oda, Bedjaoui. Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Fleischhauer, Koroma, Higgins, Parra-Aranguren, KooiJmans; Judge ad hoc Gaja ; AGAINST: Judges Shi, Vereshchetin; Judge ad hoc KreCa; (2) By fifteen votes to one, Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision. I N FAVOUR : Vicr-President Weeramantry, Acting President ; President Schwebel; Judges Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Koroma, Vereshchetin, Higgins, Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans; Judges ad hoc Gaja, KreCa; AGAINST : Judge Oda.

text: Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, a t the Peace Palace, The Hague, this second day of June, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Government of the Italian Republic, respectively.

text: ( S i g n e d ) Christopher G . WEERAMANTRY, Vice-President. ( S i g n e d ) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA, Registrar.

text: Vice-President WEERAMANTRY, Acting President, Judges SHI, KOROMA and VERESHCHETIN, and Judge ad hoc GAJA append declarations to the Order of the Court.

text: Judges ODA and PARRA-ARANGUREN append separate opinions to the Order of the Court.

text: Judge ad hoc KRECA appends a dissenting opinion to the Order of the Court.

text: (Initiulled) C.G.W. (Initialled) E.V.O.

title: Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy)

type: avgorande