identifier: Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989

reference: Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989

title: Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989

country: Monaco

reservation: The instrument of accession contains the following declaration and reservation: The Principality of Monaco declares that this Convention, especially article 7, shall not affect the rules laid down in Monegasque legislation regarding nationality. The Principality of Monaco interprets article 40, paragraph 2 (b) (v) as stating a general principle which has a number of statutory exceptions. Such, for example, is the case with respect to certain criminal offences. In any event, in all matters the Judicial Review Court rules definitively on appeals against all decisions of last resort.

country: Tunisia

reservation: Declaration made upon ratification : 3. The Government of the Republic of Tunisia declares that the Preamble to and the provisions of the Convention, in particular article 6, shall not be interpreted in such a way as to impede the application of Tunisian legislation concerning voluntary termination of pregnancy. SOURCE : Committee on the Rights of the child, Reservations, Declarations and objections relating to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/2/Rev. 1, 24 July 1992, p.19.

country: Nicaragua

country: El Salvador

country: Lebanon

country: Mauritius

reservation: Reservation made upon accession : [Mauritius] ... with express reservation with regard to article 22 of the said Convention. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.201.

country: Lao People's Democratic Republic

country: Romania

country: Zambia

country: Slovakia

reservation: On 9 August 1993, the Secretary-General received from the Government of Slovakia, the following objection to the reservation made by Qatar upon signature (In this connection, reference is made to depositary notification C.N.457.1992.TREATIES-19 of 22 March 1993.): "The Slovak Republic regards the general reservation made by the State of Qatar upon signature of the Convention on the Rights of the Child as incompatible with the object and purpose of the said Convention as well as in contradiction with the well established principle of the Law of Treaties according to which a State cannot invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. Therefore, the Slovak Republic objects to the said general reservation.".

country: Malta

country: Jamaica

country: Kazakhstan

country: Dominica

country: Algeria

reservation: The instrument of ratification by Algeria is accompanied by the following interpretative declarations: 1. Article 14, paragraphs 1 and 2 The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 14 shall be interpreted by the Algerian Government in compliance with the basic foundations of the Algerian legal system, in particular: - With the Constitution, which stipulates in its article 2 that Islam is the State religion and in its article 35 that there shall be not infringement of the inviolability of the freedom of conviction and the inviolability of the freedom of opinion; - With Law No. 84-11 of 9 June 1984, comprising the family Code, which stipulates that a child's education is to take place in accordance with the religion of its father. 2. Articles 13, 16 and 17 Articles 13, 16 and 17 shall be applied while taking account of the interest of the child and the need to safeguard its physical and mental integrity. In this framework, the Algerian Government shall interpret the provisions of these articles while taking account of: - The provisions of the Penal Code, in particular those sections relating to breaches of public order, to public decency and to the incitement of minors to immorality and debauchery; - The provisions of Law No. 90-07 of 3 April 1990, comprising the Information Code, and particularly its article 24 stipulating that "the director of a publication destined for children must be assisted by an educational advisory body"; - Article 26 of the same Code, which provides that "national and foreign periodical and specialized publications, whatever their nature of purpose, must not contain any illustration, narrative, information or insertion contrary to Islamic morality, national values or human rights or advocate racism, fanaticism and treason... Further, such publications must contain no publicity or advertising that may promote violence and delinquency." In accordance with its article 49 (2), the Convention entered into force for the States concerned on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit of the respective instruments, i.e., for New Zealand on 6 May 1993, for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 15 May 1993, for Algeria on 16 May 1993 and for the Federated States of Micronesia on 4 June 1993.

country: Maldives

reservation: Reservations made upon ratification : Reservations to articles 14 and 21. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992.

country: Cambodia

country: Peru

country: Comoros

country: Tajikistan

country: Lithuania

country: Vanuatu

country: Sri Lanka

reservation: Reservations and declarations made upon ratification : Reservations : With respect to article 7 of the Convention, the Republic of Poland stipulates that the right of an adopted child to know its natural parents shall be subject to the limitations imposed by binding legal arrangements that enable adoptive parents to maintain the confidentiality of the child's origin; The law of the Republic of Poland shall determine the age from which call-up to military or similar service and participation in military operations are permissible. That age limit may not be lower than the age limit set out in article 38 of the Convention. Declarations : The Republic of Poland considers that a child's rights as defined in the Convention, in particular the right defined in articles 12 to 16, shall be exercised with respect for parental authority, in accordance with Polish customs and traditions regarding the place of the child within and outside the family; With respect to article 24, paragraph 2 (f), of the Convention, the Republic of Poland considers that family planning and education services for parents should be in keeping the with principles of morality. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.202.

reservation: Upon ratification: "The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran reserves the right not to apply any provisions or articles of the Convention that are incompatible with Islamic Laws and the international legislation in effect." SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 196.

country: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

reservation: Reservations and declarations made upon ratification: Declarations: a) The United Kingdom interprets the Convention as applicable only following a live birth. b) The United Kingdom interprets the references in the Convention to "parents" to mean only those persons who, as a matter of national law, are treated as parents. This includes cases where the law regards a child as having only one parent, for example where a child has been adopted by one person only and in certain cases where a child is conceived other than as a result of sexual intercourse by the woman who gives birth to it and she is treated as the only parent. Reservations: c) The United Kingdom reserves the right to apply such legislation, in so far as it relates to the entry into, stay in and departure from the United Kingdom of those who do not have the right under the law of the United Kingdom to enter and remain in the United Kingdom, and to the acquisition and possession of citizenship, as it may deem necessary from time to time. d) Employment legislation in the United Kingdom does not treat persons under 18, but over the school-leaving age as children, but as "young people". Accordingly the United Kingdom reserves the right to continue to apply article 32 subject to such employment legislation. e) Where at any time there is a lack of suitable accommodation or adequate facilities for a particular individual in any institution in which young offenders are detained, or where the mixing of adults and children is deemed to be mutually beneficial, the United Kingdom reserves the right not to apply article 37 (c) in so far as those provisions require children who are detained to be accommodated separately from adults. Declaration: The United Kingdom reserves the right to extend the Convention at a later date to any territory for whose international relations the Government of the United Kingdom is responsible. SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, pp.202-203. ***** Declarations made on 7 September 1994: The United Kingdom refers to the reservation and declarations (a), (b) and (c) which accompanied its instrument of ratification and makes a similar reservation and declarations in respect to each of its dependent territories. The United Kingdom, in respect of each of its dependent territories except Hong Kong and Pitcairn, reserves the right to apply article 32 subject to the laws of those territories which treat certain persons under 18 not as children but as `young people'. In respect of Hong Kong, the United Kingdom reserves the right not to apply article 32 (b) in so far as it might require regulation of the hours of employment of young persons who have attained the age of fifteen years in respect of work in non-industrial establishments. Where at any time there is a lack of suitable detention facilities or where the mixing of adults and children is deemed to be mutually beneficial, the United Kingdom, in respect of each of its dependent territories, reserves the right not to apply article 37 (c) in so far as those provisions require children who are detained to be accommodated separately from adults. The United Kingdom, in respect of Hong Kong and the Cayman Islands, will seek to apply the Convention to the fullest extent to children seeking asylum in those territories except in so far as conditions and resources make full implementation impracticable. In particular, in relation to article 22, the United Kingdom reserves the right to continue to apply any legislation in those territories governing the detention of children seeking refugee status, the determination of their status and their entry into, stay in and departure from those territories. The Government of the United Kingdom reserves the right tot extend the Convention at a later date to any other territories for whose international relations the Government of the United Kingdom is responsible. SOURCE: C.N.346.1994.TREATIES-7 (Depositary Notification) ***** Communication made on 20 December 2000: "The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland rejects as unfounded the claims made by the Argentine Republic in its communication to the depositary of 5 October 2000. The Government of the United Kingdom recalls that in its declaration received by the depositary on 16 January 1996 it rejected the objection by the Argentine Republic to the extension by the United Kingdom of the Convention on the Rights of the Child to the Falkland Islands and to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The Government of the United Kingdom has no doubt about the sovereignty of the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands and over South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and its consequential rights to apply the Convention with respect to those Territories." ***** Declaration of territorial application made on 29 April 2014 (Original: English): “… the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland wishes the United Kingdom's Ratification of [the Convention] be extended to the territory of the Bailiwick of Jersey for whose international relations the United Kingdom is responsible. The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland considers the extension of [the Convention] to the Bailiwick of Jersey to enter into force on the date of receipt of this notification by [the Secretary-General] for deposit…” SOURCE: C.N.240.2014.TREATIES-IV.11 (Depositary Notification) ***** Declaration of territorial application in respect of Guernsey and Alderney made on 04.11.2020 (Original: English): “… the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland hereby extends the application of the United Kingdom’s Ratification of the Convention […] to Guernsey and Alderney for whose international relations the United Kingdom is responsible. The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland considers the extension of the Convention […] to Guernsey and Alderney to enter into force on the date of receipt of this notification…”

reservation: The Government of Malaysia accepts the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child but expresses reservations with respect to article 1, 2, 7, 13, 14, 15, 22, 28, 37, 40 paras 3 and 4, 44 and 45 of the Convention and declares that the said provisions shall be applicable only if they are in conformity with the Constitution, national laws and national policies of the Government of Malaysia. ***** MODIFICATION OF DECLARATION The above action was effected on 19 July 2010. The text of the declaration, as modified, reads as follows: “With respect to article 28 paragraph 1 (a) of the Convention, the Government of Malaysia wishes to declare that with the amendment to the Education Act 1996 in the year 2002, primary education in Malaysia is made compulsory. In addition, the Government of Malaysia provides monetary aids and other forms of assistance to those who are eligible.” C.N.474.2010.TREATIES-4 (Depositary Notification) PARTIAL WITHDRAWAL OF RESERVATIONS The above action was effected on 19 July 2010. “… , the Government of Malaysia, hereby withdraws its reservations in respect of articles 1, 13 and 15 of the said Convention … : … , following Malaysia’s withdrawal of its reservations to articles 1, 13 and 15 of the said Convention … , the remaining reservations … made by Malaysia on the Twenty Third Day of March, in the year Nineteen Ninety Nine shall be modified and shall now read as follows: Reservation: The Government of Malaysia accepts the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child but expresses reservations with respect to articles 2, 7, 14, 28 paragraph 1 (a) and 37 of the Convention and declares that the said provisions shall be applicable only if they are in conformity with the Constitution, national laws and national policies of the Government of Malaysia.” C.N.473.2010.TREATIES-3 (Depositary Notification)

reservation: Reservations made upon ratification (Original: English): "The Federal Republic of Somalia does not consider itself bound by Articles 14, 20, 21 of the above stated Convention and any other provisions of the Convention contrary to the General Principles of Islamic Sharia."

reservation: Interpretative declarations made upon ratification : 1. Article 21 (b) : The Government of Venezuela understands this provisions as referring to international adoption and in no circumstances to placement in a foster home outside the country. It is also its view that the provision cannot be interpreted to the detriment of the State's obligation to ensure due protection of the child. 2. Article 21 (d) : The Government of Venezuela takes the position that neither the adoption nor the placement of children should in any circumstances result in financial gain for those in any way involved in it. 3. Article 30 : The Government of Venezuela takes the position that this article must be interpreted as a case in which article 2 of the Convention applies. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.203.

reservation: Reservation made upon signature : In signing this important Convention, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is making reservations to articles or provisions which may be contrary to the beliefs and values of Islam, the religion of the Mauritania People and State. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.201.

reservation: "In applying paragraph (c) of article 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Japan reserves the right not to be bound by the provisions in its second sentence, that is, "every child deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults unless it is considered in the child's best interest not to do so", considering the fact that in Japan as regards persons deprived of liberty, those who are below twenty years of age are to be generally separated from those who are of twenty years of age and over under its national law." Declarations: 1. The Government of Japan declares that paragraph 1 of article 9 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child be interpreted not to apply to a case where a child is separated from his or her parents as a result of deportation in accordance with its immigration law. 2. The Government of Japan declares further that the obligation to deal with the application to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family re-unification to "in a positive humane and expeditious manner" provided for in paragraph 1 of article 10 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child be interpreted not to affect the outcome of such applications." SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, pp. 196 and 197.

reservation: With regard to the reservation made by Indonesia upon ratification concerning articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22 and 29 : In the view of the Government of Finland this reservation is subject to the general principle of treaty interpretation according to which a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for failure to perform a treaty. For the above reason the Government of Finland objects to the said reservation. However, the Government of Finland does not consider that this objection constitutes "an obstacle to the entry into force of the said Convention between Finland and the Republic of Indonesia." ***** Objection with regard to the reservation made on 25 July 1991 by Pakistan upon signature and confirmed upon ratification : [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Indonesia.] SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.203. ***** On 9 June 1993, the Secretary-General of the United Nations received from the Government of Finland the following communication with respect to the reservation made by Jordan upon ratification (In this connexion, reference is made to depositary notification C.N.116.1991.TREATIES-4 of 29 July 1991): "The Government of Finland has examined the contents of the reservation made by Jordan upon ratification, by which Jordan states "The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan expresses its reservation and does not consider itself bound by articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Convention, which grant the child the right of freedom of choice of religion and concern the question of adoption, since they are at variance with the precepts of the tolerant Islamic Shariah." "In the view of the Government of Finland this reservation is subject to the general principle of treaty interpretation according to which a party may not invoke general principles of national law as justification for failure to perform its treaty obligations. For the above reason the Government of Finland objects to the said reservations. However, the Government of Finland does not consider that this objection constitutes an obstacle to the entry into force of the said Convention between Finland and Jordan." **** 24 June 1994 - With regard to the reservations made by the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification: [Same objection, "mutatis mutandis", as the one made with regard to Indonesia] SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 200. ***** 5 September 1995 - With regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic) upon ratification: In the view of the Government of Finland, the unlimited and undefined character of the said reservation leaves open to what extent the reserving State commits itself to the Convention and therefore creates serious doubts about the commitment of the reserving State to fulfil its obligations under the Convention. The reservation made by the Islamic Republic of Iran does not clearly identify which particular provisions of the Convention the Islamic Republic of Iran does not intend to apply. In the view of the Government of Finland, reservations of such comprehensive and unspecified nature may contribute to undermining the basis of international human rights treaties. The Government of Finland also recalls that the said reservation is subject to the general principle of the observance of treaties according to which a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform its treaty obligations. It is in the common interest of States that contracting parties to international treaties are prepared to undertake the necessary legislative changes in order fulfill the object and purpose of the treaty. Moreover, the internal legislation is also subject to changes which might further expand the unknown effects of the reservation. In its present formulation the reservation is clearly incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and therefore inadmissible under article 51, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the Rights of the child. Therefore, the Government of Finland objects to such reservation. The Government of Finland further notes that the reservation made by the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran is devoid of legal effect. The Government of Finland recommends the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to reconsider its reservations to the Convention on the Rights of the child. C.N.321.TREATIES-6 (Depositary Notification) ***** 14 June 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Malaysia upon accession: "The reservation made by Malaysia covers several central provisions of the [said Convention]. The broad nature of the said reservation leaves open to what extent Malaysia commits itself to the Convention and to the fulfilment of its obligations under the Convention. In the view of the Government of Finland reservations of such comprehensive nature may contribute to undermining the basis of international human rights treaties. The Government of Finland also recalls that the said reservation is subject to the general principle of the observance of the treaties according to which a party may not invoke its internal law, much less its national policies, as justification for its failure to perform its treaty obligations. It is in the common interest of the States that contracting parties to international treaties are prepared to undertake the necessary legislative changes in order to fulfil the object and purpose of the treaty. Moreover, the internal legislation as well as the national policies are also subject to changes which might further expand the unknown effects of the reservation. In its present formulation the reservation is clearly incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and therefore inadmissible under article 51, paragraph 2, of the [said Convention]. Therefore the Government of Finland objects to such reservation. The Government of Finland further notes that the reservation made by the Government of Malaysia is devoid of legal effect. The Government of Finland recommends the Government of Malaysia to reconsider its reservation to the [said Convention]." With regard to the reservations made by Qatar upon ratification: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia.] ****** 26 November 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Singapore upon accession: "The reservations made in paragraphs 2 and 3 by the Republic of Singapore, consisting of a general reference to national law without stating unequivocally the provisions the legal effect of which may be excluded or modified, do not clearly define to the other Parties of the Convention the extent to which the reserving State commits itself to the Convention and therefore create doubts about the commitment of the reserving State to fulfil its obligations under the said Convention. Reservations of such unspecified nature may contribute to undermining the basis of international human rights treaties . The Government of Finland also recalls that these reservations of the Republic of Singapore are subject to the general principle of observance of treaties according to which a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for failure to perform its treaty obligations. It is in the common interest of States Parties to international treaties are prepared to take the necessary legislative changes in order to fulfil the object and purpose of the treaty. The Government of Finland considers that in their present formulation these reservations made by the Republic of Singapore are are incompatible with the object and purpose of the said Convention and therefore, inadmissible under article 51, paragraph 2, of the said Convention. In view of the above, the Goernment of Finalnd objects to these reservations and notes that they are devoid of legal effect" ***** Subsequently, on 20 March 1997, the Secretary-General received from the Government of Finland communications with regard reservations made by Brunei Darussalam and Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same text, mutatis mutandis, as the objection made with regard to Singapore under "Objections".] ***** 6 November 1998 With regard to the reservations made by Oman upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Singapore.]

reservation: Action effected on 30 June 2022: Partial withdrawal of reservation: Withdrawal of the following reservation made upon accession (Translation) (Original: Arabic): The provisions of the Convention should be applied within the limits imposed by the material resources available. The remaining reservation reads as follows (Traduction) (Original: Arabe): The Sultanate of Oman is not committed to the contents of Article (14) of the Convention, which gives the child the right to freedom of religion until he reaches the age of maturity. Actions effected on 9.12.2014: Depositary Notification sent on 13 August 2015: Modification of reservation to article 14 made upon accession The text of the modified reservation now reads as follows (Courtesy translation) (Original: Arabic): The Sultanate of Oman is not committed to the contents of Article (14) of the Convention, which gives the child the right to freedom of religion until he reaches the age of maturity. Note: On 9 December 2014, the Secretary-General was notified of the decision of the Government of Oman to modify the reservation to article 14 made upon accession. The Secretary-General notes that the notification of modification of the reservation was signed by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Oman on 9 January 2011 and received by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva on 14 January 2011. The notification was received by the Treaty Section of the Office of Legal Affairs on 9 December 2014. In a note received from the Permanent Mission on 19 May 2015, the Government of Oman informed the Secretary-General that it considers that the modification of the reservation took effect on 14 January 2011. Depositary Notification sent on 12 June 2015: Withdrawal of reservations to articles 7, 9, 21 and 30 made upon accession Reservations: The provisions of the Convention should be applied within the limits imposed by the material resources available. The Sultanate does not consider itself to be bound by those provisions of article 14 of the Convention that accord a child the right to choose his or her religion. Note: On 9 December 2014, the Secretary-General was notified of the Government of Oman's decision to withdraw the the reservations to articles 7, 9, 21 and 30 made upon accession. The Secretary-General notes that the notification of withdrawal of reservations was signed by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Oman on 9 January 2011 and received by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva on 14 January 2011. The notification, however, was received by the Treaty Section of the Office of Legal Affairs on 9 December 2014. In a note received from the Permanent Mission on 19 May 2015, the Government of Oman informed the Secretary-General that it considers that the withdrawal took effect on 14 January 2011. The reservations made upon accession on 09.12.1996 read as follow: 1. The words "or to public safety" should be added in article 9 [, paragraph 4,] after the words "unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. 2. A reservation is entered to all the provisions of the Convention that do not accord with Islamic law or the legislation in force in the Sultanate and, in particular, to the provisions relating to adoption set forth in its article 21. 3. The provisions of the Convention should be applied within the limits imposed by the material resources available. 4. The Sultanate considers that article 7 of the Convention as it relates to the nationality of a child shall be understood to mean that a child born in the Sultanate of unknown parents shall acquire Oman nationality, as stipulated in the Sultanate's Nationality Law. 5. The Sultanate does not consider itself to be bound by those provisions of article 14 of the Convention that accord a child the right to choose his or her religion or those of its article 30 that allow a child belonging to a religious minority to profess his or her own religion.

reservation: Objection with regard to the declaration made by Djibouti upon ratification : A reservation by which a State party limits its responsibilities under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law may create doubts about the commitments of the reserving state to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is in the common interest of states that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties also are respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. The Government of Norway, therefore, objects to this reservation. This objection shall not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Norway and the Republic of Djibouti. ***** Objection with regard to the reservation made by Indonesia upon ratification concerning articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22 and 29 : [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Djibouti.] ***** Objection with regard to the reservation made by Pakistan upon signature and confirmed upon ratification : [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Djibouti.] SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.204. ***** 25 October 1994 - With regard to the reservation made by the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification: [Same objection, "mutatis mutandis", as the one made with regard to Djibouti]. SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 201. ***** 5 September 1995 - With regard to the reservation made by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon ratification: [Same objection, "mutatis mutandis", as the one made with regard to Djibouti]. ***** 4 June 1996 With regard to the declaration made by Qatar upon ratification: "The Government of Norway considers that the reservation made by the State of Qatar, due to its unlimited scope and undefined character, is inadmissible under international law. For that reason, the Government of Norway objects to the reservation made by the State of Qatar. The Government of Norway does not consider this objection to preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of Norway and the State of Qatar." 27 June 1996 With regard to the reservation made by Malaysia upon ratification: "The Government of Noway considers that the reservation made by the Government of Malaysia, due to its very broad scope and undefined character, is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention, and thus not permitted under article 51, paragraph 2, of the Convention. Moreover, the Government of Norway considers that the monitoring system established under the Convention is not optional and that, accordingly, reservations with respect to articles 44 and 45 of the Convention are not permissible. For these reasons, the Government of Norway objects to the reservation made by the Government of Malaysia. The Government of Norway does not consider this objection to preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of Norway and Malaysia." 29 November 1996 With regard to the reservation made by Singapore upon accession: "The Government of Norway considers that reservation (3) made by the Republic of Singapore, due to its unlimited scope and undefined character, is contrary to the object and purpose of the Convention, and thus impermissible under article 51, paragraph 2, of the Convention. Furthermore, the Government of Norway considers that declaration (2) made by the Republic of Singapore, in so far as it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of articles 19 and 37 of the Convention, also constitutes a reservation impermissible under the Convention, due to the fundamental nature of the rights concerned and the unspecified reference to domestic law. For these reasons, the Government of Norway objects to the said reservations made by the Government of Singapore. The Government of Norway does not consider this objection to preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of Norway and the Republic of Singapore." 4 March 1997 With regard to the reservation made by Brunéi Darussalam upon accesson: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Qatar.] 13 March 1997 With regard to the reservation made by Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia.] 9 February 1998 With regard to the reservations made by Oman upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Singapore.]

reservation: Reservation upon ratification : The People's Republic of China shall fulfil its obligations provided by article 6 of the Convention to the extent that the Convention is consistent with the provisions of article 25 concerning family planning of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and with the provisions of article 2 of the Law of Minor Children of the People's Republic of China. SOURCE : Committee on the Rights of the Child, Reservations, Declarations and objections relating to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/2/Rev. 1, 24 July 1992, p.9.

reservation: Objection with regard to the reservation made by Indonesia upon ratification concerning articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22 and 29 : A reservation by which a State party limits its responsibilities under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law may cast doubts on the commitments of the reserving state to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is in the common interest of states that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties also are respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. The Government of Sweden therefore objects to the reservations. This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Sweden and the Republic of Indonesia. With regard to the reservation made by Pakistan upon signature and confirmed upon ratification : [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Indonesia.] SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.204. ***** On 26 August 1992, the Secretary-General of the United Nations received from the Government of Sweden the following objection to the reservation made by Jordan upon ratification : "The Government of Sweden has examined the content of the reservation made by Jordan, by which Jordan states 'The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan expresses its reservation and does not consider itself bound by articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Convention, which grant the child the right to freedom of choice of religion and concern the question of adoption, since they are at variance with the precepts of the tolerant Islamic Shariah.' A reservation by which a State party limits its responsibilities under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law may cast doubts on the commitments of the reserving state to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is in the common interest of states that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties also are respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. The Government of Sweden therefore objects to the reservation. This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Sweden and Jordan." ***** On 20 July 1993, the Secretary-General of the United Nations received from the Government of Sweden the following communication relating to the reservations made by Thailand upon accession (see depositary notification C.N.94.1992. TREATIES-7 of 9 June 1992), by Bangladesh upon ratification, (see depositary notification C.N.245.1990. TREATIES-9 of 28 November 1990), by Djibouti upon ratification (see depositary notification C.N.335.1990.TREATIES-10 of 22 March 1991) and by Myanmar upon accession (see depositary notification C.N.160.1991.TREATIES-7 of 20 September 1991). The text of the said communication reads as follows: "The Government of Sweden has examined the contents of the reservation made by Thailand upon accession, which reads as follows: "The application of Articles 7, 22 and 29 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child shall be subject to the national laws, regulations and prevailing practices in Thailand". A reservation by which a State party limits its responsibilities under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law may cast doubts on the commitment of the reserving State to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is in the common interest of States that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties are respected, as to the object and purpose, by all parties. The Government of Sweden therefore objects to the reservations made by Thailand. The Government of Sweden furthermore notes that, as a matter of principle, the same objection could be made to the reservations made by: Bangladesh, regarding Article 21, Djibouti, to the whole Convention, Myanmar, regarding Articles 15 and 37. These objections do not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Sweden and Thailand, Bangladesh, Djibouti and Myanmar, respectively." **** 29 March 1994 - With regard to the reservations made by the Syrian Arab Republic ratification: [Same objection, "mutatis mutandis", as the one made with regard to Indonesia.] SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 201. Signature by Qatar: same objection, mutatis mutandis, for that reservation as the one made with regard to Indonesia. ***** 1 September 1995 - With regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic) upon ratification: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Indonesia.] ***** 26 June 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Malaysia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Indonesia.] 18 March 1997 With regard to the reservations made by Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Indonesia.] On 13 August 1997, the Secretary-General received from the Government of Sweden the following communications with regard to reservations made by Brunéi Darussalam, Kiribati and Singapore upon accession to the Convention: [Same text, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Indonesia under "Objections".] - 9 February 1998: same text with regard to the reservations made by Oman upon accession.

reservation: Reservation: [The Government of Saudi Arabia enters] reservations with respect to all such articles as are in conflict with the provisions of Islamic law.

reservation: (1) The Republic of Singapore considers that a child's rights as defined in the Convention, in particular the rights defined in article 12 to 17, shall in accordance with articles 3 and 5 be exercised with respect for the authority of parents, schools and other persons who are entrusted with the care of the child and in the best interests of the child and in accordance with the customs, values and religions of Singapore's multi-racial and multi-religious society regarding the place of the child within and outside the family. (2) The Republic of Singapore considers that articles 19 and 37 of the Convention do not prohibit - (a) the application of any prevailing measures prescribed by law for maintaining law and order in the Republic of Singapore; (b) measures and restrictions which are prescribed by law and which are necessary in the interests of national security, public safety, public order, the protection of public health or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others; or (c) the judicious application of corporal punishment in the best interest of the child. Reservations: (3) The Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Singapore provide adequate protection and fundamental rights and liberties in the best interests of the child. The accession to the Convention by the Republic of Singapore does not imply the acceptance of obligations going beyond the limits prescribed by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore nor the acceptance of any obligation to introduce any right beyond those prescribed under the Constitution. (4) Singapore is geographically one of the smallest independent countries in the world and one of the most densely populated. The Republic of Singapore accordingly reserves the right to apply such legislation and conditions concerning the entry into, stay in and departure from the Republic of Singapore of those who do not or who no longer have the right under the laws of the Republic of Singapore, to enter and remain in the Republic of Singapore, and to the acquisition and possession of citizenship, as it may deem necessary from time to time and in accordance with the laws of the Republic of Singapore. (5) The employement legislation of the Republic of Singapore prohibits the employment of children below 12 years old and gives special protection to working children between the ages of 12 years and below the age of 16 years. The Republic of Singapore resercves the right to apply article 32 subject to such employment legislation. (6) With respect to article 28.1(a), the Republic of Singapore- (a) does not consider itself bound by the requirement to make primary education compulsory because such a measure is unnecessary in our social context where in practice virtually all children attend primary school; and (b) reserves the right to provide primary education free only to children who are citizens of Singapore. SOURCE: C.N.370.1995.TREATIES-9 (Depositary Notification)

reservation: The Government of Iraq as seen fit to accept [the Convention] ... subject to reservation in respect to article 14, paragraph1, concerning the child's freedom of religion, as allowing a child to change his or her religion runs counter to the provisions of the "Islamic Shariah". SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 196.

reservation: Declaration upon signature : "The Government of the Republic of Afghanistan reserves the right to express, upon ratifying the Convention, reservations on all provisions of the Convention that are incompatible with the laws of Islamic Shari'a and the local legislation in effect." SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.198.

reservation: On 10 December 2003, the Government of Liechtenstein informed the Secretary-Generla of the following: "The Principality of Liechtenstein partially withdraws its reservation concerning article 10 of the Convention as contained in the annex of the instrument of accession of 18 December 1995, namely with regard to paragraph 2 of the article guaranteeing the right of the child to maintain personal relations and direct contacts with both parents." Declaration concerning article 1: "According to the legislation of the Principality of Liechtenstein children come of age with 20 years. However, the Liechtenstein law provides for the possibility to prolong or to shorten the duration of minority." Reservation concerning article 7: "The Principality of Liechtenstein reserves the right to apply the Liechtenstein legislation according to which Liechtenstein nationality is granted under certain conditions." Reservation concerning article 10: "The Principality of Liechtenstein reserves the right to apply the Liechtenstein legislation according to which family re-unification for certain categories of foreigners is not guarantied."

reservation: Reservation made upon ratification : The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan expresses its reservation and does not consider itself bound by articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Convention, which grant the child the right to freedom of choice of religion and concern the question of adoption, since they are at variance with the precepts of the tolerant Islamic Shariah. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.201.

reservation: 1. The Government of Luxembourg believes that it is the interest of families and children to maintain the provisions of article 334-6 of the Civil Code, which reads as follows: Article 334-6. If at the time of conception, the father or mother was bound in marriage to another person, the natural child may be raised in the conjugal home only with the consent of the spouse of his parent. 2. The Government of Luxembourg declares that the present Convention does not require modifications of the legal status of children born to parents between whom marriage is absolutely prohibited, such status being warranted by the interest of the child, as provided under article 3 of the Convention. 3. The Government of Luxembourg declares that article 6 of the present Convention presents no obstacle to implementation of the provisions of Luxembourg legislation concerning sex information, the prevention of back-street abortion and the regulations of pregnancy termination. 4. The Government of Luxembourg believes that article 7 of the Convention presents no obstacle to the legal process in respect of anonymous births, which is deemed to be in the interest of the child, as provided under article 3 of the Convention. 5. The Government of Luxembourg declares that article 15 of the present Convention does not impede the provisions of Luxembourg legislation concerning the capacity to exercise rights. SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 197.

reservation: Reservations and declarations made upon ratification : Declarations : The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany declares that it welcomes the Convention on the Rights of the Child as a milestone in the development of international law and that it will take the opportunity afforded by the ratification of the Convention to initiate reforms in its domestic legislation that are in keeping with the spirit of the Convention and that it considers appropriate, in line with article 3 (2) of the Convention, to ensure the well-being of the child. The planned measures include, in particular, a revision of the law on parental custody in respect of children whose parents have not married, are permanently living apart while still married, or are divorced. The principal aim will be to improve the conditions for the exercise of parental custody by both parents in such cases as well. The federal Republic of Germany also declares that domestically the Convention does not apply directly. It establishes state obligations under international law that the Federal Republic of Germany fulfils in accordance with its national law, which conforms with the Convention. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany is of the opinion that article 18 (1) of the Convention does not imply that by virtue of the entry into force of this provision parental custody, automatically and without taking into account the best interests of the respective child, applies to both parents even in the case of children whose parents have not married, are permanently living apart while still married, or are divorced. Such an interpretation would be incompatible with article 3 (1) of the Convention. The situation must be examined on a case- by-cases basis, particularly where the parents cannot agree on the joint exercise of custody. The Federal Republic of Germany therefore declares that the provisions of the Convention are also without prejudice to the provisions of national law concerning a) legal representation of minors in the exercise of their rights; b) rights of custody and access in respect of children born in wedlock; c) circumstances under family and inheritance law of children born out of wedlock; This applies irrespective of the planned revision of the law on parental custody, the details of which remain within the discretion of the national legislator. In addition, the Federal Republic of Germany confirms the declaration it made in Geneva on 23 February 1989 : Nothing in the Convention may be interpreted as implying that unlawful entry by an alien into the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany or his unlawful stay there is permitted; nor may any provision be interpreted to mean that it restricts the right of the Federal Republic of Germany to pass laws and regulations concerning the entry of aliens and the conditions of their stay or to make a distinction between nationals and aliens. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany regrets the fact that under article 38 (2) of the Convention even fifteen-year-old may take a part in hostilities as soldiers, because this age limit is incompatible with the consideration of a child's best interest (art. 3 (1) of the Convention). It declares that it will not make any use of the possibility afforded by the Convention of fixing this age limit at fifteen years. Reservation : In accordance with the reservations made by it with respect to the parallel guarantees of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Federal Republic of Germany declares in respect of article 40 (2) (b) (ii) and (v) of the Convention that these provision shall be applied in such a way that, in the case of minor infringement of the penal law, there shall not in each and every case exist : a) a right to have "legal or other appropriate assistance" in the preparation and presentation of the defence, and/or b) an obligation to have a sentence not calling for imprisonment reviewed by a higher competent authority or judicial body. SOURCE : Committee on the Rights of the child, Reservations, Declarations and objections relating to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/2/Rev. 1, 24 July 1992, pp.12-13. ***** On 17 March 1993, the Secretary-General received from the Government of Germany the following objection to a declaration and a reservation made by Tunisia upon ratification (In this connexion, reference is made to depositary notification C.N.32.1992. TREATIES-2 of 27 March 1992.), as follows: The Federal Republic of Germany considers the first of the declarations deposited by the Republic of Tunisia to be a reservation. It restricts the application of the first sentence of article 4 to the effect that any national legislative or statutory decisions adopted to implement the Convention may not conflict with the Tunisian Constitution. Owing to the very general wording of this passage the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany is unable to perceive which provisions of the Convention are covered, or may be covered at some time in the future, by the reservation and in what manner. There is a similar lack of clarity with regard to the reservation relating to article 2. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany therefore objects to both these reservations. This objection does not prevent the Convention from entering into force as between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Tunisia. ***** 21 September 1994 - With regard to the reservation made by the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification This reservation, owing to its indefinite nature, does not meet the requirements of international law. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany therefore objects to the reservation made by the Syrian Arab Republic. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention as between the Syrian Arab Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 200. ***** 11 August 1995 - With regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic) upon ratification: This reservation, owing to its unlimited scope and undifined character, is inadmissible under international law. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, therefore objects to the reservation made by the Islamic Republic of Iran. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention as between the Islamic Republic Iran and the Federal Republic of Germany. C.N.346.1994.TREATIES-7 (Depositary Notification) ***** 20 March 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Malaysia upon accession and Qatar upon ratification: The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany considers that such a reservation, which seeks to limit the responsibilities of [Malaysia and Qatar, respectively] under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law, may raise doubts as to the commitment of [Malaysia and Qatar, respectively] to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contributes to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is the common interest of states that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties should be respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany therefore objects to the said reservation. This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between the Federal Republic of Germany and [Malaysia and Qatar, respectively]. 13 June 1996 With regard to the reservation made by Botswana upon ratification: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia and Qatar).] 4 September 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Singapore upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia and Qatar).] 12 February 1997 With regard to the reservations made by Brunéi Darussalam and Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia and Qatar).] ***** PARTIAL WITHDRAWAL OF DECLARATIONS CONCERNING ARTICLES 9, 10, 18, 22 AND 38 (2) The above action was effected on 15 July 2010. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany notified its withdrawal of the following declarations concerning articles 9, 10, 18, 22 and 38 (2): "The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany reserves the right to make, upon ratification, such declarations as it considers necessary, especially with regard to the interpretation of articles 9, 10, 18 and 22. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany is of the opinion that article 18 (1) of the Convention does not imply that by virtue of the entry into force of this provision parental custody, automatically and without taking into account the best interests of the respective child, applies to both parents even in the case of children whose parents have not married, are permanently living apart while still married, or are divorced. Such an interpretation would be incompatible with article 3 (1) of the Convention. The situation must be examined in a case-by-case basis, particularly where the parents cannot agree on the joint exercise of custody. The Federal Republic of Germany therefore declares that the provisions of the Convention are also without prejudice to the provisions of national law concerning a) legal representation of minors in the exercise of their rights; b) rights of custody and access in respect of children born in wedlock; c) circumstances under family and inheritance law of children born out of wedlock; This applies irrespective of the planned revision of the law on parental custody, the details of which remain within the discretion of the national legislator. Nothing in the Convention may be interpreted as implying that unlawful entry by an alien into the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany or his unlawful stay there is permitted; nor may any provision be interpreted to mean that it restricts the right of the Federal Republic of Germany to pass laws and regulations concerning the entry of aliens and the conditions of their stay or to make a distinction between nationals and aliens. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany regrets the fact that under article 38 (2) of the Convention even fifteen-year-olds may take a part in hostilities as soldiers, because this age limit is incompatible with the consideration of a child's best interest (article 3 (1) of the Convention). It declares that it will not make any use of the possibility afforded by the Convention of fixing this age limit at fifteen years.” C.N.467.2010.TREATIES-2 (Depositary Notification) WITHDRAWAL OF RESERVATIONS IN RESPECT OF ARTICLES 40 (2) (B) (II) AND (V) OF THE CONVENTION The above action was effected on 15 July 2010. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany notified its withdrawal of the following reservations: "In accordance with the reservations made by it with respect to the parallel guarantees of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Federal Republic of Germany declares in respect of article 40 (2) (b) (ii) and (v) of the Convention that these provisions shall be applied in such a way that, in the case of minor infringement of the penal law, there shall not in each and every case exist: a) a right to have ‘legal or other appropriate assistance’ in the preparation and presentation of the defence, and/or b) an obligation to have a sentence not calling for imprisonment reviewed by a ‘higher competent authority or judicial body’.” The notification of withdrawal took effect for Germany on 15 July 2010 in accordance with article 51 (3) of the Convention which reads as follows: "Reservations may be withdrawn at any time by notification to that effect addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then inform all States. Such notification shall take effect on the date on which it is received by the Secretary-General." C.N.464.2010.TREATIES-1 (Depositary Notification)

reservation: "The Government of Western Samoa whilst recognising the importance of providing free primary education as specified under article 28 (1)(a) of the Convention on the rights of the child And being mindful of the fact that the greater portion on schools within Western Samoa that provide primary education are controlled by bodies outside the control of the government Pursuant then to article 51, the Government of Western Samoa thus reserves the right to allocate resources to the primary level sector of education in Western Samoa in contrast to the requirement of article 28 (1)(a) to provide free primary education." SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 198.

reservation: Reservation made upon ratification : The Government of the Republic of Mali declares that, in view of the provisions of the Mali Family Code, there is no reason to apply article 16 of the Convention. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.201.

reservation: Declaration of partial withdrawal of reservation made on 7 December 2009: "(...) We, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, declare that the Government of the Republic of Djibouti, after having examined the declaration withdraws the said declaration with the exception of the reservations made to articles 14 and 21of the said Convention."

reservation: Declaration made upon accession : "While fully subscribing to the objectives and purposes of the Convention, realising that certain of the rights of the Child, namely those pertaining to the economic, social and cultural rights can only be progressively implemented in the developing countries, subject to the extent of available resources and within the framework of international co-operation; recognising that the child has to be protected from exploitation of all forms including economic exploitation; noting that for several reasons children of different ages do work in India; having prescribed minimum ages for employment in hazardous occupations and in certain other areas; having made regulatory provisions regarding hours and conditions of employment; and being aware that it is not practical immediately to prescribe minimum ages for admission to each and every area of employment in India - the Government of India undertakes to take measures to progressively implement the provisions of Article 32, particularly paragraph 2(a), in accordance with its national legislation and relevant international instruments to which it is a State Party."

reservation: The Convention on the Rights of the Child being a point of departure to guarantee child rights; taking into consideration the progressive character of the implementation of certain social, economic and cultural rights; as recognized in article 4 of the Convention, the Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland would undertake the implementation of the right to free primary education to the maximum extent of available resources and expects to obtain the co-operation of the international Community for its full satisfaction as soon as possible. SOURCE: C.N.321.1995.TREATIES-6 (Depositary Notification)

reservation: 18 July 1994 - With regard to the reservations made by the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification: "...This reservation is too comprehensive and too general as to be compatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. The Government of Italy therefore objects to the reservation made by the Syrian Arab Republic. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention as between the Syrian Arab Republic and Italy. SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 200. 25 September 1995 "This reservation, owing to its unlimited scope and undefined character, is inadmissible under international law. The Government of the Italian Republic, therefore, objects to the reservation made by the Islamic Republic of Iran. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention as between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Italian Republic." In this regard, the Secretary-General received from the Government of Italy the following communications on the dates indicated hereinafter: 14 June 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Qatar upon ratification: "The Government of the Italian Republic considers that such a reservation, which seeks to limit the responsibilities of Qatar under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law, may raise doubts as to the commitment of Qatar to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contributes to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is common interest of States that treaties to which they have chosen to become Parties should be respected, as to the objects and the purpose, by all Parties. The Government of the Italian Republic therefore objects to this reservation. This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between the Government of the Italian Republic and the State of Qatar." 14 June 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Botswana upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Qatar.] 4 October 1996 With regard to the reservation made by Singapore upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Qatar.] 23 December 1996 With regard to the reservation made by Brunei Darussalam upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Qatar.] 2 April 1998: same objection with regard to the reservation to articles 14, 17 and 21 made by the United Arab Emirates upon accession.

reservation: Reservation made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification : The Government of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas upon signing the Convention reserves the right not to apply the Provisions of article 2 of the said Convention insofar as those Provisions relate to the conferment of citizenship upon a child having regard to the Provisions of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.198.

reservation: Declarations made upon ratification : Article 7 : The State of Kuwait understands the concepts of this article to signify the right of the child who was born in Kuwait and whose parents are unknown (parentless) to be granted the Kuwaiti nationality as stipulated by the Kuwaiti Nationality Laws. Article 21 : The State of Kuwait, as it adheres to the provisions of the Islamic shariah as the main source of legislation, strictly bans abandoning the Islamic religion and do not therefore approve adoption. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.201.

reservation: Reservation made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification: The Republic of Turkey reserves the right to interpret and apply the provisions of articles 17, 29 and 30 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child according to the letter and the spirit of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey and those of the Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923.

reservation: Interpretative declarations made upon ratification : 1. With regard to article 2, paragraph 1, according to the interpretation of the Belgian Government non- discrimination on grounds of national origin does not necessarily imply the obligation for States automatically to guarantee foreigners the same rights as their nationals. This concept should be understood as designed to rule out all arbitrary conduct but not differences in treatment based on objective and reasonable considerations, in accordance with the principles prevailing in democratic societies. 2. Articles 13 and 15 shall be applied by the Belgian Government within the context of the provisions and limitations set forth or authorized by said Convention in articles 10 and 11 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950. 3. The Belgian Government declares that it interprets article 14, paragraph 1, as meaning that, in accordance with the relevant provisions of article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 19 December 1966 and article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950, the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion implies also the freedom to choose his or her religion or belief. 4. With regard to article 40, paragraph 2 (b)(v), the Belgian Government considers that the expression "according to law" at the end of that provision means that : a) This provision shall not apply to minors who, under Belgian law, are declared guilty and are sentenced in a higher court following an appeal against their acquittal in a court of the first instance; b) This provision shall not apply to minors who, under Belgian law, are referred directly to a higher court such as the Court of Assize. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p. 199.

reservation: Communication (Translation) (Original: French): The Belgian Government has noted the content of the reservation expressed by the Government of Malays ia with respect to articles l, 2, 7, 13, 14, 15, 22, 28, 37, 40, paragraphs 3 and 4, 44 and 45 of the Convention. The Belgian Government believes that this reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and that, consequently, in accordance with article 51, paragraph 2, of the Convention, it is not permitted. Moreover, the Permanent Representative of Belgium has the honour to communicate to the Secretary-General the position of Belgium concerning the reservation made by Qatar with respect to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Belgian Government has noted the general reservation expressed by the Government of Qatar with respect to the provisions of the Convention. The Belgian Government believes that this reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and that, consequently, in accordance with article 51, paragraph 2, of the Convention, it is not permitted. Accordingly, Belgium wishes to be bound by the Convention in its entirety as regards the two above-mentioned States, which have expressed reservations prohibited by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted on 20 November 1989.

reservation: Objection to the reservations made by Singapore upon accession ( Translation) (Original: French): The Government of Belgium has noted the declarations and reservations expressed by Singapore concerning the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Government considers that paragraph 2 of the declarations, concerning articles 19 and 37 of the Convention, and paragraph 3 of the reservations, concerning the constitutional limits upon the acceptance of the obligations contained in the Convention, are contrary to the purposes of the Convention and are consequently without effect under international law.

reservation: Reservation made upon ratification : The Government of Colombia, pursuant to article 2, paragraph 1 (d) of the Convention, declares that for the purposes of article 38, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Convention, the age referred to in said paragraphs shall be understood to be 18 years, given the fact that, under Colombian law, the minimum age for recruitment into the armed forces of personnel called for military service is 18 years. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.199.

reservation: The instrument of ratification contains the following reservation: The Kingdom of Morocco, whose Constitution guarantees to all the freedom to pursue his religious affairs, makes a reservation to the provisions of article 14, which accords children freedom of religion, in view of the fact that Islam is the State religion.

reservation: Reservations and declarations made upon ratification : Reservations : a) [The Holy See] interprets the phrase "Family planning education and services" in article 24.2, to mean only those methods of family planning which it considers morally acceptable, that is, the natural methods of family planning. b) [The Holy See] interprets the articles of the Convention in a way which safeguards the primary and inalienable rights of parents, in particular insofar as these rights concern education (articles 13 and 28), religion (article 14), association with others (article 15) and privacy (article 16). c) [The Holy See declares] that the application of the Convention be compatible in practice with the particular nature of the Vatican City State and of the sources of its objective law (art. 1, Law of 7 June 1929, nr. 11) and, in consideration of its limited extent, with its legislation in the matters of citizenship, access and residence. Declaration : The Holy See regards the present Convention as a proper and laudable instrument aimed at protecting the rights and interests of children, who are "that precious treasure given to each generation as a challenge to its wisdom and humanity" (Pope John Paul II, 26 April 1984). The Holy See recognizes that the Convention represents an enactment of principles previously adopted by the United Nations, and once effective as a ratified instrument, will safeguard the rights of the child before as well as after birth, as expressly affirmed in the "Declaration of the Rights of the Child" [Res. 136 (XIV) and restated in the ninth preambular paragraph of the Convention. The Holy See remains confident that the ninth preambular paragraph will serve as the perspective through which the rest of the Convention will be interpreted, in conformity with article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969. By acceding to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Holy See intends to give renewed expression to its constant concern for the well-being of children and families. In consideration of its singular nature and position, the Holy See, in acceding to this Convention, does not intend to prescind in any way from its specific mission which is of a religious and moral character. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, pp.200-201.

reservation: Reservation made upon ratification "Australia accepts the general principles of article 37. In relation to the second sentence of paragraph (c), the obligation to separate children from adults in prison is accepted only to the extent that such imprisonment is considered by the responsible authorities to be feasible and consistent with the obligation that children be able to maintain contact with their families, having regard to the geography and demography of Australia. Australia, therefore ratifies the Convention to the extent that it is unable to comply with the obligation imposed by article 37 (c)." SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.198.

reservation: The instrument of ratification by New Zealand contains the following reservations and declaration: RESERVATIONS "Nothing in this Convention shall affect the right of the Government of New Zealand to continue to distinguish as it considers appropriate in its law and practice between persons according to the nature of their authority to be in New Zealand including but not limited to their entitlement to benefits and other protections described in the Convention, and the Government of New Zealand reserves the right to interpret and apply the Convention accordingly. The Government of New Zealand considers that the rights of the child provided for in article 32 (1) are adequately protected by its existing law. It therefore reserves the right not to legislate further or to take additional measures as may be envisaged in article 32 (2). The Government of New Zealand reserves the right not to apply article 37 (c) in circumstances where the shortage of suitable facilities makes the mixing of juveniles and adults unavoidable; and further reserves the right not to apply article 37 (c) where the interests of other juveniles in an establishment require the removal of a particular juvenile offender or where mixing is considered to be of benefit to the persons concerned." DECLARATION "The Government of New Zealand... declares that such ratification shall extend to Tokelau only upon notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations of such extension."

reservation: The instrument by the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic contains the following reservations: The Syrian Arab Republic has reservations on the Convention's provisions which are not in conformity with the Syrian Arab legislations and with the Islamic Shariaa's principles, in particular the content of Article (14) related to the Right of the Child to the freedom of religion, and articles 2 and 21 concerning the adoption.

reservation: Reservation made upon succession: "The Republic of Slovenia reserves the right not to apply paragraph 1 of article 9 of the Convention since the internal legislation of the Republic of Slovenia provides for the right of competent authorities (centres for social work) to determine on separation of a child from his/her parents without a previous judicial review" SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1992, United Nations, New York, 1993, p.193.

reservation: Reservations: The United Arab Emirates has reservations with respect to the provisions of articles 7, 14, 17 and 21 of the Convention, as set forth hereunder: Article 7: The United Arab Emirates is of the view that the acquisition of nationality is an internal matter and one that is regulated and whose terms and conditions are established by national legislation. Article 14: The United Arab Emirates shall be bound by the tenor of this article to the extent that it does not conflict with the principles and provisions of Islamic law. Article 17: While the United Arab Emirates appreciates and respects the functions assigned to the mass media by the article, it shall be bound by its provisions in the light of the requirements of domestic statues and laws and, in accordance with the recognition accorded them in the preamble to the Convention, such a manner that the country's traditions and cultural values are not violated. Article 21: Since, given its commitment to the principles of Islamic law, the United Arab Emirates does not permit the system of adoption, it has reservations with respect to this article and does not deem it necesary to be bound by its provisions.

reservation: Reservations and statement of understanding made upon ratification : Reservations : Article 21 : With a view to ensuring full respect for the purposes and intent of article 20 (3) and article 30 of the Convention, the Government of Canada reserves the right not to apply the provisions of article 21 to the extent that they may be inconsistent with customary forms of care among aboriginal peoples in Canada. Article 37 (c) : The Government of Canada accepts the general principles of article 37 (c) of the Convention, but reserves the right not to detain children separately from adults where this is not appropriate or feasible. Statement of understanding : Article 30 : It is the understanding of the Government of Canada that, in matters relating to aboriginal peoples of Canada, the fulfilment of its responsibilities under article 4 of the Convention must take into account the provisions of article 30. In particular, in assessing what measures are appropriate to implement the rights recognized in the Convention for aboriginal children, due regard must be paid to not denying their right, in community with other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion and to use their own language. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.199.

reservation: Objection made upon ratification : "The Government of Ireland hereby formally make objection to the reservations made on ratification of the Convention by Bangladesh, Djibouti, Indonesia, Jordan, Kuwait, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey. The Government of Ireland consider that such reservations, which seek to limit the responsibilities of the reserving State under the Convention, by invoking general principles of national law, may create doubts as to the commitment of those States to the object and purpose of the Convention. This objection shall not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Ireland and the aforementioned States." 5 September 1995 With regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic) upon ratification: "The reservation poses difficulties for the State parties to the Convention in identifying the provisions of the Convention which the Islamic Government of Iran does not intent to apply and consequently makes it difficult for State Parties to the Convention to determine the extent of their treaty relations with the reserving State. The Government of Ireland hereby formally makes objection tot he reservation by the Islamic Republic of Iran." 26 June 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Malaysia upon accession: "Ireland considers that this reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and is therefore prohibited by article 51 (2) of the Convention. The Government of Ireland also considers that it contributes to undermining the basis of international treaty law. The Government of Ireland therefore objects to the said reservation. This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Ireland and Malaysia." 13 March 1997 With regard to the reservations made by Saudi Arabia accession: "The Government of Ireland notes that the said reservations include reservations of a general kind in respect of the provisions of the Convention which may be contrary to the Constitution of Brunei Darussalam and to the beliefs and principles of Islam, the state religion. The Government of Ireland is of the view that these general reservations raise doubts as to the commitment of Brunei Darussalam to the object and purpose of the Convention and would recall that, according to paragraph 2 of Article 51 of the Convention, reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention shall not be permitted. It is in the common interest of States that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties are respected, as to their object and purpose, by all parties and that States are prepared to undertake any legislative changes necessary to comply with their obligations under the treaties. The Government of Ireland is further of the view that general reservations of the kind made by the Government of Brunei Darussalam, which do not clearly specify the provisions of the Convention to which they apply and the extent of the derogation therefrom, contribute to undermining the basis of international treaty law. The Government of Ireland therefore objects to the aforesaid general reservations made by the Government [of Brunei Darussalam] to the [said Convention]. The objection does not preclude the entry into force in its entirety of the Convention between Brunei Darussalam an Ireland."

reservation: Reservations made upon ratification : [The Government of Bangladesh] ratifies the Convention with a reservation to article 14, paragraph 1. Also article 21 would apply subject to the existing laws and practices in Bangladesh. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.198.

reservation: Declarations made upon ratification : 1. Spain understands that article 21, paragraph (d), of the Convention may never be construed to permit financial benefits other than those needed to cover strictly necessary expenditure which may have arisen from the adoption of children residing in another country. 2. Spain, wishing to make common cause with those States and humanitarian organizations which have manifested their disagreement with the contents of article 38, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Convention, also wishes to express its disagreement with the age limit fixed therein and to declare that the said limit appears insufficient, by permitting the recruitment and participation in armed conflict of children having attained the age of fifteen years. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992

reservation: Reservation made upon ratification : The Government of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay affirms, in regard to the provisions of article 38, paragraphs 2 and 3, that in accordance with uruguayan law it would have been desirable for the lower age limit for taking a direct part in hostilities in the event of an armed conflict to be set at 18 years instead of 15 years as provided in the Convention. Furthermore, the Government of Uruguay declares that, in the exercise of its sovereign will, it will not authorize any persons under its jurisdiction who have not attained the age of 18 years to take a direct part in hostilities and will not under any circumstances recruit persons who have not attained the age of 18 years. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.203.

reservation: Reservation made upon accession on 27.12.1995: "[The Government of Brunei Darussalam] expresses its reservations on the provisions of the said Convention which may be contrary to the Constitution of Brunei Darussalam and to the beliefs and principles of Islam, the State, religion, and without prejudice to the generality of the said reservations, in particular expresses its reservation on articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Convention."

reservation: Partial withdrawal of reservation made on 10.08.2015 (Original: English): [The remaining reservation read as follow:] “The Government of Brunei Darussalam expresses its reservations on the provisions of the said Convention which may be contrary to the Constitution of Brunei Darussalam and to the beliefs and principles of Islam, the State religion, and without prejudice to the generality of the said reservations, in particular expresses its reservations on Article 14, Article 20 paragraph 3, and Article 21 subparagraphs b, c, d and e of the Convention.”

reservation: Reservation and declarations made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification: Reservation: The Argentine Republic enters a reservation to subparagraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of article 21 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and declares that those subparagraphs shall not apply in areas within its jurisdiction because, in its view, before they can be applied a strict mechanism must exist for the legal protection of children in matters of inter-country adoption, in order to prevent trafficking in and the sale of children. Declarations: Concerning article 1 of the Convention, the Argentine Republic declares that the article must be interpreted to the effect that a child means every human being from the moment of conception up to the age of eighteen. Concerning article 38 of the Convention, the Argentine Republic declares that it would have liked the Convention categorically to prohibit the use of children in armed conflicts. Such a prohibition exists in its domestic law which, by virtue of article 41 of the Convention, it shall continue to apply in this regard. Upon ratification: Declaration: Concerning subparagraph (f) of article 24 of the Convention, the Argentine Republic considers that questions relating to family planning are the exclusive concern of parents in accordance with ethical and moral principles and understands it to be a State obligation, under this article, to adopt measures providing guidance for parents and education for responsible parenthood.

reservation: Declaration: Switzerland refers expressly to the obligations of all States to apply the rules of international humanitarian law and national law to the extent that they ensure better protection and care of children who are affected by an armed conflict. Reservations: (b) Reservation concerning article 7: The Swiss legislation on nationality, which does not grant the right to acquire Swiss nationality, is unaffected. (c) Reservation concerning article 10, paragraph 1: Swiss legislation, which does not guarantee family reunification to certain categories of aliens, is unaffected. (d) Reservation concerning article 37(c): The separation of children deprived of liberty from adults is not unconditionally guarantied. (e) Reservation concerning article 40: The Swiss penal procedure applicable to children, which does not guarantee either the unconditional right to assistance or separation, where personnel or organization is concerned, between the examining authority and the sentencing authority, is unaffected. The federal legislation concerning the organization of criminal justice, which establishes an exception to the right to a conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal where the person concerned was tried by the highest tribunal at first instance, is unaffected. Withdrawals: In a communication received on 12 January 2004, the Government of Switzerland notified the Secretary-General that it had decided to withdraw its reservation in respect of article 40, paragraph 2, subparagraph b (vi) made upon ratification which reads as follows: The guarantee of having the free assistance of an interpreter does not exempt the beneficiary from the payment of any resulting costs. Subsequently, on 8 April 2004, the Government of Switzerland informed the Secretary-General that it had decided to withdraw its reservation in respect of article 5 made upon ratification, which reads as follows: The Swiss legislation concerning parental authority is unaffected. Further, on 1 May 2007, the Government of Switzerland informed the Secretary-General that it had decided to withdraw its reservations in respect of article 7 (2) and article 40 (2) made upon ratification, which reads as follows: Article 7 (2): The Swiss legislation on nationality, which does not grant the right to acquire Swiss nationality, is unaffected. Article 40 (2): The federal legislation concerning the organization of criminal justice, which establishes an exception to the right to a conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal where the person concerned was tried by the highest tribunal at first instance, is unaffected.

reservation: Reservation made upon ratification : The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia guarantees the fundamental rights of the child irrespective of their sex, ethnic or race. The Constitution prescribes those rights to be implemented by national laws and regulations. The ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the Republic of Indonesia does not imply the acceptance of obligations going beyond the Constitutional limits nor the acceptance of any obligation to introduce any right beyond those prescribed under the Constitution. With reference to the provisions of articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22 and 29 of this Convention, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia declares that it will apply these articles in conformity with its Constitution. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.201.

reservation: Declaration upon signature : The State of Guatemala is signing this Convention out of a humanitarian desire to strengthen the ideals on which the Convention is based, and because it is an instrument which seeks to institutionalize, at the global level, specific norms for the protection of children, who, not being legally of age, must be under the guardianship of the family, society and the State. With reference to article 1 of the Convention, and with the aim of giving legal definition to its signing of the Convention, the Government of Guatemala declares that article 3 of its Political Constitution establishes that : "The State guarantees and protects human life from the time of its conception, as well as the integrity and security of the individual." SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.200.

reservation: Reservation made upon ratification : Article 40, paragraph 2 (b) (v) shall not be binding on Denmark. It is a fundamental principle of the Danish Administration of Justice Act that everybody shall be entitled to have any penal measures imposed on him or her by a court of first instance reviewed by a higher court. There are, however, some provisions limiting this right in certain cases, for instance verdicts returned by a jury on the question of guilt, which have not been reversed by the legally trained judges of the court. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p. 199.

reservation: Communication with respect to the reservations made by Djibouti, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan and the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification of the Convention (Original: English): "The Government of Denmark has examined the reservations made by Djibouti, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan and the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Because of their unlimited scope and undefined character these reservations are incompatible with the object and purpose of the convention and accordingly inadmissible and without effect under international law. Therefore, the Government of Denmark objects to these reservations. The convention remains in force in its entirety between Djibouti, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, the Syrian Arab Republic respectively and Denmark. It is the opinion of the Government of Denmark that no time limit applies to objections against reservations, which are inadmissible under international law. The Government of Denmark recommends the governments of Djibouti, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan and the Syrian Arab Republic to reconsider their reservations to the Convention on the Rights of the Child."

reservation: Communication (Original: English): "The Government of Denmark has examined the reservation made by Malaysia upon [accession] to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The reservation reads: 'The Government of Malaysia accepts the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child but expresses reservations with respect to articles 1, 2, 7, 13, 14, 15, 22, 28, 37, 40 paras. 3 and 4, 44 and 45 of the Convention and declares that the said provisions shall be applicable only if they are in conformity with the Constitution, national laws and national policies of the Government of Malaysia.' The reservation is covering multiple provisions, including central provisions of the Convention. Furthermore, it is a general principle of international law that internal law may not be invoked as justification for failure to perform treaty obligations. Consequently, the Government of Denmark considers the said reservation as being incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and accordingly inadmissible and without effect under international law. The Convention remains in force in its entirety between Malaysia and Denmark. It is the opinion of the Government of Denmark that no time limit applies to objections against reservations, which are inadmissible under international law. The Government of Denmark recommends the Government of Malaysia to reconsider its reservation to the Convention on the Rights of the Child."

reservation: Communication (Original: English): "The Government of Denmark has examined the reservations made by Botswana and the State of Qatar upon ratification on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Because of their unlimited scope and undefined character these reservations are incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and accordingly inadmissible and without effect under international law. Therefore, the Government of Denmark objects to these reservations. The Convention remains in force in its entirety between Botswana and the State of Qatar respectively and Denmark. It is the opinion of the Government of Denmark that no time limit applies to objections against reservations, which are inadmissible under international law. The Government of Denmark recommends the Government of Botswana and the Government of the State of Qatar to reconsider their reservations to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

reservation: Objection to the reservation made by Brunei Darussalam upon accession (Original: English): "The Government of Denmark has examined the reservations made by the Government of Brunei Darussalam upon accession on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Government of Denmark finds that the general reservation with reference to the Constitution of Brunei Darussalam and to the beliefs and principles of Islam is of unlimited scope and undefined character. Consequently, the Government of Denmark considers the said reservation as being incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and accordingly inadmissible and without effect under international law. Furthermore, it is a general principle of international law that national law may not be invoked as justification for failure to perform treaty obligations. The Convention remains in force in its entirety between Brunei Darussalam and Denmark. It is the opinion of the Government of Denmark, that no time limit applies to objections against reservations, which are inadmissible under international law. The Government of Denmark recommends the Government of Brunei Darussalam to reconsider its reservation to the Convention on the Rights of the Child." *** Objection to the reservation made by Saudi Arabia upon accession (Original: English): "The Government of Denmark has examined the reservations made by the Government of Saudi Arabia upon accession on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Government of Denmark finds that the general reservation with reference to the provisions of Islamic law is of unlimited scope and undefined character. Consequently, the Government of Denmark considers the said reservation as being incompatible with the object and purposes of the Convention and accordingly inadmissible and without effect under international law. Furthermore, it is a general principle of international law that national law may not be invoked as justification for failure to perform treaty obligations. The Convention remains in force in its entirety between Saudi Arabia and Denmark. It is the opinion of the Government of Denmark, that no time limit applies to objections against reservations, which are inadmissible under international law. The Government of Denmark recommends the Government of Saudi Arabia to reconsider its reservation to the Convention on the Rights of the Child."

reservation: On 15 July 1992, the Secretary-General received from the Government of Portugal the following objection to the reservations made by Myanmar upon accession, by Bangladesh, Djibouti, Indonesia, Kuwait, Pakistan upon ratification and by Turkey upon signature : "The Government of Portugal considers that reservations by which a State limits its responsibilities under the Convention by invoking general principles of National Law may create doubts on the commitments of the reserving State to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of International Law. It is in the common interest of States that Treaties to which they have chosen to become parties also are respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. The Government therefore objects to the reservations. This objection shall not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Portugal and Myanmar. The Government of Portugal furthermore notes that, as a matter of principle, the same objection could be made to the reservations presented by Bangladesh, Djibouti, Indonesia, Kuwait, Pakistan and Turkey." ***** 13.12.1994 - With regard to the reservation made by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon ratification: [Same objection, "mutatis mutandis", as the one made with regard to Myanmar.] SOURCE: Multilateral Treatis deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p.201. ***** 11 January 1996 - With regard to the reservation made by the Qatar upon ratification: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Myanmar.] ***** [for the reservation made by Singapore] On 3 December 1996, the Secretary-General received from the Government of Portugal the following communication: [Same text, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Myanmar under "Objections".] ***** 30 January 1997 With regard to the reservation made by Brunei Darussalam, Kiribati and Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Myanmar.]

reservation: Declarations: A.- The Principality of Andorra deplores the fact that the [said Convention] does not prohibit the use of children in armed conflicts. It also disagrees with the provisions of article 38, paragraphs 2 and 3, concerning the participation and recruitment of children from the age of 15. B.- The Principality of Andorra will apply the provisions of articles 7 and 8 of the Convention without prejudice to the provisions of part II, article 7 of the Constitution of the Principality of Andorra, concerning Andorran nationality. Article 7 of the Constitution of Andorra provides that: A Llei qualificada shall determine the rules pertaining to the acquisition and loss of nationality and the legal consequences thereof. Acquisition or retention of a nationality other than Andorran nationality shall result in the loss of the latter in accordance with the conditions and limits established by law.

reservation: Declaration: The Republic of Kiribati considers that a child's rights as defined in the Convention, in particular the rights defined in articles 12 -16 shall be exercised with respect for parental authority, in accordance with the Kiribati customs and traditions regarding the place of the child within and outside the family."

reservation: Declaration made upon ratification : With reference to article 1 of the Convention, the Government of the Republic of Cuba declares that in Cuba, under the domestic legislation in force, majority is not attained at 18 years of age for purposes of the full exercise of civic rights. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.199.

reservation: Declaration upon signature : In signing the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Ecuador reaffirms ... [that it is] especially pleased with the ninth preambular paragraph of the draft Convention, which pointed to the need to protect the unborn child, and believed that paragraph should be borne in mind in interpreting all the articles of the Convention, particularly article 24. While the minimum age set in article 38 was, in its view too low, [the Government of Ecuador] did not wish to endanger the chances for the Convention's adoption by consensus and therefore would not propose any amendment to the text. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.200.

reservation: Reservations: "The Government of the Cook Islands reserves the right not to apply the provisions of article 2 in so far as those provisions may relate to the conferment of Cook Islands nationality, citizenship or permanent residency upon a child having regard to the Constitution and other legislation as may from time to time be in force in the Cooks Islands. With respect to article 10, the Government of the Cook Islands reserves the right to apply such legislation, in so far as it relates to the entry into, stay in and departure from the Cook Islands of those who not not have the right under the law of the Cook Islands to enter and remain in the Cook Islands, and to the acquisition and possession of citizenship, as it may deem necessary from time to time." Declarations: "Domestically, the Convention does not apply directly. It establishes the State obligations under international law that the Cook Islands fulfils in accordance with its national law. Article 2 paragraph (1) does not necessarily imply the obligation of States automatically to guarantee foreigners the same rights as their nationals. The concept of non-discrimination on the basis of national origin should be understood as designed to rule out all arbitrary conduct but not differences in treatment based on objective and reasonable considerations, in accordance with the principles prevailing in democratic societies. The Government of the Cook Islands will take the opportunity afforded by its accession to the Convention to initiate reforms in its domestic legislation relating to adoption that are in keeping with the spirit of the Convention and that it considers appropriate, in line with article 3 (2) of the Convention to ensure the well-being of the child. While all adoptions now permitted under Cook Islands law are based on the principle of the best interest of the child being of paramount consideration and authorised by the High Court in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, the principle aim of the planned measures will be to remove vestigial discrimination provisions governing adoptions found in legislation enacted with respect to the Cook Islands prior to the acquisition of sovereignty by the Cook Islands in order to ensure non-discriminatory adoption arrangements for all Cook Islands nationals."

reservation: On 16 October 2008, the Government of the Republic of Korea informed the Secretary-General that it had decided to withdraw the reservation in respect of article 9, paragraph 3 made upon ratification. On 11 August 2017, the Government of the Republic of Korea informed the Secretary-General that it had decided to withdraw the reservation in respect of article 21, paragraph (a), made upon ratification. Declaration made upon ratification: The Republic of Korea considers itself not bound by the provisions of paragraph 3 of article 9, paragraph (a) of article 21 and subparagraph (b) (v) of paragraph 2 of article 40.

reservation: Declaration made upon ratification by Czechoslovakia and maintained by the Czech Republic: In cases of irrevocable adoptions, which are based on the principle of anonymity of such adoptions, and of artificial fertilization, where the physician charged with the operation is required to ensure that the husband and wife on one hand and the donor on the other remain unknown to each other, the non-communication of a natural parent's name or natural parents' names to the child is not in contradiction with this provision. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.199. ***** Objection with regard to the reservation made by Kuwait upon signature : These reservations are incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. In the opinion of the Czechoslovak Government the said reservations are in contradiction to the generally recognized principle of international law according to which a state cannot invoke the provisions of its own internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. Therefore the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic does not recognize these reservations as valid. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.203.

reservation: Article 26: The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the provisions of article 26 of the Convention with the reservation that these provisions shall not imply an independent entitlement of children to social security, including social insurance. Article 37: The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the provisions of article 37 (c) of the Convention with the reservation that these provisions shall not prevent the application of adult penal law to children of sixteen years and older, provided that certain criteria laid down by law have been met. Article 40: The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the provisions of article 40 of the Convention with the reservation that cases involving minor offences may be tried without the presence of legal assistance and that with respect to such offences the position remains that no provision is made in all cases for a review of the facts or of any measures imposed as a consequence. Further, on 18 December 2000, the Government of the Netherlands informed the Secretary-General that it had decided to accept the Convention on behalf of Aruba subject to the following rservations and declarations: Reservations: "Article 26 The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the provisions of article 26 of the Convention with the reservation that these provisions shall not imply an independent entitlement of children to social security, including social insurance. Article 37 The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the provisions of article 37 (c) of the Convention with the reservation that these provisions shall not prevent: - the application of adult penal law to children of sixteen years and older, provided that certain criteria laid down by law have been met; - that a child which has been detained will not always be accommodated separately from adults; if the number of children that has to be detained at a certain time is unexpectedly large, (temporary) accommodation together with adults may be unavoidable. Article 40 The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the provisions of article 40 of the Convention with the reservation that cases involving minor offences may be tried without the presence of legal assistance and that with respect to such offences the position remains that no provision is made in all cases for a review of the facts or of any measures imposed as a consequence." Declarations: Article 14: It is the understanding of the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands that article 14 of the Convention is in accordance with the provisions of article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 19 December 1966 and that this article shall include the freedom of a child to have or adopt a religion or belief of his or her choice as soon as the child is capable of making such choice in view of his or her age or maturity. Article 22: With regard to article 22 of the Convention, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands declares: a) that it understands the term ;refugee; in paragraph 1 of this article as having the same meaning as in article 1 of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951; and b) that it is of the opinion that the obligation imposed under the terms of this article does not prevent - the submission of a request for admission from being made subject to certain conditions, failure to meet such conditions resulting in inadmissibility; - the referral of a request for admission to a third State, in the event that such a State is considered to be primarily responsible for dealing with the request for asylum. Article 38 With regard to article 38 of the Convention, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands declares that it is of the opinion that States would not be allowed to involve children directly or indirectly in hostilities and that the minimum age for the recruitment or incorporation of children in the armed forces should be above fifteen years. In times of armed conflict, provisions shall prevail that are most conducive to guaranteeing the protection of children under international law, as referred to in article 41 of the Convention. With regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic of) upon ratification: The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands considers that such reservations, which seek to limit the responsibilities of the reserving State under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law, may raise doubts as to the commitment of these States to the object and purpose of the Convention and moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is in the common interest of States that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties should be respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands therefore objects to these reservations. This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the aforementioned States. On 6 February 1995, the Secretary-General received from the Government of the Netherlands the following communication with regard to the reservations made upon upon ratification by Djibouti, Indonesia, Pakistan and the Syrian Arab Republic: [Same text, mutatis mutandis, as the objection made with regard to Iran (Islamic Republic of) under Objections.] SOURCE: C.N.58.1995.TREATIES-1 (Depositary Notification) 11 June 1996 With regard to the reservation made by Qatar upon ratification: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Djibouti.] 14 June 1996 With regard to the reservation made by Botswana upon accession and Turkey upon ratification: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Djibouti.] 25 June 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Malaysia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Djibouti.] 6 November 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Singapore upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Djibouti.] 3 March 1997 With regard to the reservations made by Liechtenstein upon ratification and Brunéi Darussalam, Kiribati and Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia.] 3 March 1997 With regard to the reservations made by Andorra, Brunei Darussalam and Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia.] - 6 March 1997: with regard to the declaration made by Andorra upon ratification; - 10 February 1998: with regard to the reservations made by Oman upon accession. - 6 April 1998: with regard to the reservation made to article 14 by the United Arab Emirates upon accession, Moreoever, the Government of the Netherlands made the following declaration with regard to the reservation made by the Government of the United Arab Emirates with respect to article 7: "The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands assumes that the United Arab Emirates shall ensure the implementation of the rights mentioned in article 7, first paragraph, of [said Convention] not only in accordance with its national law, but also with its obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field.".

reservation: Declarations and reservation made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification : 1. The Government of the French Republic declares that this Convention, particularly article 6, cannot be interpreted as constituting any obstacle to the implementation of the provisions of French legislation relating to the voluntary interruption of pregnancy. 2. The Government of the Republic declares that, in the light of article 2 of the Constitution of the French Republic, article 30 is not applicable so far as the Republic is concerned. 3. The Government of the Republic construes article 40, paragraph 2 (b) (v), as establishing a general principle to which limited exceptions may be made under law. This is particularly the case for certain non-appealable offences tried by the Police Court and for offences of a criminal nature. None the less, the decisions handed down by the final court of jurisdiction may be appealed before the Court of Cassation, which shall rule on the legality of the decision taken. SOURCE : Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations, New York, 1992, p.200.

reservation: Partial Withdrawal of Reservation effected on 29 April 2009 : "Whereas the Government of the State of Qatar ratified the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child on 3 April 1995, and entered a general reservation concerning any of its provisions that are inconsistent with the Islamic sharia; Whereas the Council of Ministers decided at its fourth ordinary meeting of 2009, held on 28 January 2009, to approve the partial withdrawal by the State of Qatar of its general reservation, which shall continue to apply in respect of the provisions of articles 2 and 14 of the Convention; Now therefore We declare, by means of the present instrument, the partial withdrawal by the State of Qatar of its general reservation, which shall continue to apply in respect of the provisions of articles 2 and 14 of the Convention."

reservation: Objection to the reservations made by Somalia upon ratification (Translation) (Original: French): The Kingdom of Belgium has carefully examined the reservations made by the Federal Republic of Somalia upon ratification on 1 October 2015 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Kingdom of Belgium considers that the reservations concerning in particular articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child are incompatible with the object and purpose of that Convention. These reservations effectively subordinate the application of all the provisions of the Convention to their compatibility with Islamic Sharia. The Kingdom of Belgium considers that such reservations seek to limit the responsibilities of the Federal Republic of Somalia under the Convention through a general reference to Islamic Sharia. The result is some uncertainty about the extent of the commitment of the Federal Republic of Somalia to the object and purpose of the Convention. The Kingdom of Belgium notes that, under article 51, paragraph 2, of the Convention, a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention shall not be permitted. Consequently, the Kingdom of Belgium registers an objection to the reservations made by the Federal Republic of Somalia concerning articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and concerning any other provision of the Convention contrary to the general principles of Islamic Sharia. Belgium specifies that this objection does not constitute an impediment to the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Federal Republic of Somalia.

text: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 10

text: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 23

text: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 24

text: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

text: The States Parties to the present Convention.

text: Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

text: Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person, and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

text: Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone in entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

text: Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance,

text: Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community,

text: Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding,

text: Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society, and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity,

text: Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the

text: (in particular in

text: articles 23

text: and

text: ), in the

text: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

text: (in particular in

text: article 10

text: ) and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children,

text: Bearing in mind that, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth",

text: Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally, the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules); and the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict,

text: Recognizing that, in all countries in the world, there are children living in exceptionally difficult conditions, and that such children need special consideration,

text: Taking due account of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for the protection and harmonious development of the child,

text: Recognizing the importance of international co-operation for improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries,

text: Have agreed as follows:

text: Preamble

text: For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.

text: Article 1

text: 1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.

text: 2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.

text: Article 2

text: 1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.

text: 2. States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures.

text: 3. States Parties shall ensure that the institutions, services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as well as competent supervision.

text: Article 3

text: States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative, and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation.

text: Article 4

text: States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention.

text: Article 5

text: 1. States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life.

text: 2. States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and development of the child.

text: Article 6

text: 1. The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and, as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents.

text: 2. States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless.

text: Article 7

text: 1. States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations as recognized by law without unlawful interference.

text: 2. Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her identity, States Parties shall provide appropriate assistance and protection, with a view to speedily re-establishing his or her identity.

text: Article 8

text: 1. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall no be separated from his or her parents against their will, except when competent authorities subject to judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child's place of residence.

text: 2. In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 of the present article, all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views known.

text: 3. States Parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated from one or both parents to maintain personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child's best interests.

text: 4. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party shall, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person(s) concerned.

text: Article 9

text: 1. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9 , paragraph 1 , applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification shall be dealt with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family.

text: 2. A child whose parents reside in different States shall have the right to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances personal relations and direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9 , paragraph 2 , States Parties shall respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own, and to enter their own country. The right to leave any country shall be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention.

text: Article 10

text: 1. States Parties shall take measures to combat the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad.

text: 2. To this end, States Parties shall promote the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements.

text: Article 11

text: 1. States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.

text: 2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.

text: Article 12

text: 1. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child's choice.

text: 2. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:

text: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; or

text: (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

text: Article 13

text: 1. States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

text: 2. States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and, when applicable, legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child.

text: 3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.

text: Article 14

text: 1. States Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly.

text: 2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

text: Article 15

text: 1. No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation.

text: 2. The child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

text: Article 16

text: States Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health. To this end, States Parties shall:

text: (a) Encourage the mass media to disseminate information and material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29 ;

text: (b) Encourage international co-operation in the production, exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural, national and international sources;

text: (c) Encourage the production and dissemination of children's books;

text: (d) Encourage the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous;

text: (e) Encourage the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being, bearing in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18 .

text: Article 17

text: 1. States Parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition of the principle that both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing and development of the child. Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians, have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests of the child will be their basic concern.

text: 2. For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present Convention, States Parties shall render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and shall ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children.

text: 3. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible.

text: Article 18

text: 1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.

text: 2. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement.

text: Article 19

text: 1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.

text: 2. States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child.

text: 3. Such care could include, inter alia, foster placement, kafalah of Islamic law, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institutions for the care of the children. When considering solutions, due regard shall be paid to the desirability of continuity in a child's upbringing and to the child's ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background.

text: Article 20

text: States Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption shall ensure that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration and they shall:

text: (a) Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child's status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counselling as may be necessary;

text: (b) Recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative means of child's care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child's country of origin;

text: (c) Ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption;

text: (d) Take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption, the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it;

text: (e) Promote, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements, and endeavour, within this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent authorities or organs.

text: Article 21

text: 1. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a child who is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures shall, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties.

text: 2. For this purpose, States Parties shall provide, as they consider appropriate, co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child shall be accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or temporarily deprived of his or her family environment for any reason, as set forth in the present Convention.

text: Article 22

text: 1. States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community.

text: 2. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child's condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child.

text: 3. Recognizing the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article shall be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child, and shall be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child's achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development.

text: 4. States Parties shall promote, in the spirit of international co-operation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

text: Article 23

text: 1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services.

text: 2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, shall take appropriate measures:

text: (a) To diminish infant and child mortality;

text: (b) To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;

text: (c) To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution;

text: (d) To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;

text: (e) To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breast-feeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;

text: (f) To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services.

text: 3. States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of the children.

text: 4. States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized in the present article. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

text: Article 24

text: States Parties recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement.

text: Article 25

text: 1. States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from social security, including social insurance, and shall take the necessary measures to achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national law.

text: 2. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into account the resources and the circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other consideration relevant to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child.

text: Article 26

text: 1. States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.

text: 2. The parent(s) or others responsible for the child have the primary responsibility to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities, the conditions of living necessary for the child's development.

text: 3. States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means, shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right and shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

text: 4. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to secure the recovery of maintenance for the child from the parents or other persons having financial responsibility for the child, both within the State Party and from abroad. In particular, where the person having financial responsibility for the child lives in a State different from that of the child, States Parties shall promote the accession to international agreements or the conclusion of such agreements, as well as the making of other appropriate arrangements.

text: Article 27

text: 1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular:

text: (a) Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;

text: (b) Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible to every child, and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need;

text: (c) Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means;

text: (d) Make educational and vocational information and guidance available and accessible to all children;

text: (e) Take measures to encourage regular attendance at schools and the reduction of drop-out rates.

text: 2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child's human dignity and in conformity with the present Convention.

text: 3. States Parties shall promote and encourage international co-operation in matters relating to education, in particular with a view to contributing to the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the world and facilitating access to scientific an technical knowledge and modern teaching methods. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

text: Article 28

text: 1. States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to:

text: (a) The development of the child's personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential;

text: (b) The development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations;

text: (c) The development of respect for the child's parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own;

text: (d) The preparation of the child for responsible life in a free society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous origin;

text: (e) The development of respect for the natural environment.

text: 2. No part of the present article or article 28 shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principles set forth in paragraph 1 of the present article and to the requirements that the education given in such instructions shall conform to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the State

text: Article 29

text: In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is indigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practise his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language.

text: Article 30

text: 1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.

text: 2. States Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity.

text: Article 31

text: 1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

text: 2. States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, States Parties shall in particular:

text: (a) Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admission to employment;

text: (b) Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment;

text: (c) Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.

text: Article 32

text: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislative, administrative, social and educational measures, to protect children from the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as defined in the relevant international treaties, and to prevent the use of children in the illicit production and trafficking of such substances.

text: Article 33

text: States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For these purposes, States Parties shall in particular take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent:

text: (a) The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity;

text: (b) The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices;

text: (c) The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.

text: Article 34

text: States Parties shall take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form.

text: Article 35

text: States Parties shall protect the child against all other forms of exploitation prejudicial to any aspects of the child's welfare.

text: Article 36

text: States Parties shall ensure that:

text: (a) No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age;

text: (b) No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time;

text: (c) Every child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and in a manner which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age. In particular, every child deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults unless it is considered in the child's best interest not to do so and shall have the right to maintain contact with his or her family through correspondence and visits, save in exceptional circumstances;

text: (d) Every child deprived of his or her liberty shall have the right to prompt access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a court or other competent, independent and impartial authority, and to a prompt decision on any such action.

text: Article 37

text: 1. States Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of international humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are relevant to the child.

text: 2. States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities.

text: 3. States Parties shall refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained the age of eighteen years, States Parties shall endeavour to give priority to those who are oldest.

text: 4. In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts, States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure protection and care of children who are affected by an armed conflict.

text: Article 38

text: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts. Such recovery and reintegration shall take place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the child.

text: Article 39

text: 1. States Parties recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child's age and the desirability of promoting the child's reintegration and the child's assuming a constructive role in society.

text: 2. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of international instruments, States Parties shall, in particular, ensure that:

text: (a) No child shall be alleged as, be accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were not prohibited by national or international law at the time they were committed;

text: (b) Every child alleged as or accused of having infringed the penal law has at least the following guarantees:

text: (i) To be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law;

text: (ii) To be informed promptly and directly of the charges against him or her, and, if appropriate, through his or her parents or legal guardians, and to have legal or other appropriate assistance in the preparation and presentation of his or her defence;

text: (iii) To have the matter determined without delay by a competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body in a fair hearing according to law, in the presence of legal or other appropriate assistance and, unless it is considered not to be in the best interest of the child, in particular, taking into account his or her age or situation, his or her parents or legal guardians;

text: (iv) Not to be compelled to give testimony or to confess guilt; to examine or have examined adverse witnesses and to obtain the participation and examination of witnesses on his or her behalf under conditions of equality;

text: (v) If considered to have infringed the penal law, to have this decision and any measures imposed in consequence thereof reviewed by a higher competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body according to law;

text: (vi) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child cannot understand or speak the language used;

text: (vii) To have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of the proceedings.

text: 3. States Parties shall seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular:

text: (a) The establishment of a minimum age below which children shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law;

text: (b) Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing with such children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing that human rights and legal safeguards are fully respected.

text: 4. A variety of dispositions, such as care, guidance and supervision orders; counselling; probation; foster care; education and vocational training programmes and other alternatives to institutional care shall be available to ensure that children are dealt with in a manner appropriate to their well-being and proportionate both to their circumstances and the offence.

text: Article 40

text: Nothing in the present Convention shall affect any provisions which are more conducive to the realization of the rights of the child and which may be contained in:

text: (a) The law of the State Party, or

text: (b) International law in force for that State.

text: Article 41

text: States Parties undertake to make the principles and provisions of the Convention widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults and children alike.

text: Article 42

text: 1. For the purpose of examining the progress made by States Parties in achieving the realization of the obligations undertaken in the present Convention, there shall be established a Committee on the Rights of the Child, which shall carry out the functions hereinafter provided.

text: 2. The Committee shall consist of ten experts of high moral standing and recognized competence in the field covered by this Convention. The members of the Committee shall be elected by States Parties from among their nationals and shall serve in their personal capacity, consideration being given to equitable geographical distribution, as well as to the principal legal systems.

text: 3. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list of persons nominated by States Parties. Each State Party may nominate one person from among its own nationals.

text: 4. The initial election to the Committee shall be held no later than six months after the date of the entry into force of the present Convention and thereafter every second year. At least four months before the date of each election, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a letter to States Parties inviting them to submit their nominations within two months. The Secretary-General shall subsequently prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated, indicating States Parties which have nominated them, and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Convention.

text: 5. The elections shall be held at meetings of States Parties convened by the Secretary-General at United Nations Headquarters. At those meetings, for which two thirds of States Parties shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected to the Committee shall be those who obtain the largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States Parties present and voting.

text: 6. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated. The term of five of the members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately after the first election, the names of these five members shall be chosen by lot by the Chairman of the meeting.

text: 7. It a member of the Committee dies or resigns or declares that for any other cause he or she can no longer perform the duties of the Committee, the State Party which nominated the member shall appoint another expert from among its nationals to serve for the remainder of the term, subject to the approval of the Committee.

text: 8. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure.

text: 9. The Committee shall elect its officers for a period of two years.

text: 10. The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee. The Committee shall normally meet annually. The duration of the meetings of the Committee shall be determined, and reviewed, if necessary, by a meeting of the States Parties to the present Convention, subject to the approval of the General Assembly.

text: 11. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee under the present Convention.

text: 12. With the approval of the General-Assembly, the members of the Committee established under the present Convention shall receive emoluments from United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the Assembly may decide.

text: Article 43

text: 1. States Parties undertake to submit to the Committee, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, reports on the measures they have adopted which give effect to the rights recognized herein and on the progress made on the enjoyment of those rights:

text: (a) Within two years of the entry into force of the Convention for the State Party concerned;

text: (b) Thereafter every five years.

text: 2. Reports made under the present article shall indicate factors and difficulties, if any, affecting the degree of fulfilment of the obligations under the present Convention. Reports shall also contain sufficient information to provide the Committee with a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of the Convention in the country concerned.

text: 3. A State Party which has submitted a comprehensive initial report to the Committee need not, in its subsequent reports submitted in accordance with paragraph 1 (b) of the present article, repeat basic information previously provided.

text: 4. The Committee may request from States Parties further information relevant to the implementation of the Convention.

text: 5. The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly, through the Economic and Social Council, every two years, reports on its activities.

text: 6. States Parties shall make their reports widely available to the public in their own countries.

text: Article 44

text: In order to foster the effective implementation of the Convention and to encourage international co-operation in the field covered by the Convention:

text: (a) The specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund, and other United Nations organs shall be entitled to be represented at the consideration of the implementation of such provisions of the present Convention as fall within the scope of their mandate. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other competent bodies as it may consider appropriate to provide expert advice on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their respective mandates. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund, and other United Nations organs to submit reports on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their activities;

text: (b) The Committee shall transmit, as it may consider appropriate, to the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other competent bodies, any reports from States Parties that contain a request, or indicate a need, for technical advice or assistance, along with the Committee's observations and suggestions, if any, on these requests or indications;

text: (c) The Committee may recommend to the General Assembly to request the Secretary-General to undertake on its behalf studies on specific issues relating to the rights of the child;

text: (d) The Committee may make suggestions and general recommendations based on information received pursuant to articles 44 and 45 of the present Convention. Such suggestions and general recommendations shall be transmitted to any State Party concerned and reported to the General Assembly, together with comments, if any, from States Parties.

text: Article 45

text: The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States.

text: Article 46

text: The present Convention is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

text: Article 47

text: The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

text: Article 48

text: 1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.

text: 2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.

text: Article 49

text: 1. Any State Party may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall thereupon communicate the proposed amendment to States Parties, with a request that they indicate whether they favour a conference of States Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In the event that, within four months from the date of such communication, at least one third of the States Parties favour such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of States Parties present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly for approval.

text: 2. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of the present article shall enter into force when it has been approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of States Parties.

text: 3. When and amendment enters into force, it shall be binding on those States Parties which have accepted it, other States Parties still being bound by the provisions of the present Convention and any earlier amendments which they have accepted.

text: Article 50

text: 1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall receive and circulate to all States the text of reservations made by States at the time of ratification or accession.

text: 2. A reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the present Convention shall not be permitted.

text: 3. Reservations may be withdrawn at any time by notification to that effect addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then inform all States. Such notification shall take effect on the date on which it is received by the Secretary-General.

text: Article 51

text: A State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Denunciation becomes effective one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.

text: Article 52

text: The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated as the depositary of the present Convention.

text: Article 53

text: The original of the present Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

text: In witness thereof the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed the present Convention.

text: Article 54

summary: On 21 December 1976, the United Nations General Assembly declared 1979 to be the International Year of the Child in commemoration of the 20th Anniversary of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, proclaimed by it on 20 November 1959 (Resolution 1386 (XIV)). In the course of the preparations for this commemoration the Polish government proposed that a draft Convention on the rights of the child be drawn up. The first draft was presented to the Commission on Human Rights in 1978 and was followed by an amended version on 5 October 1979. The Commission on Human Rights continued examination of this issue from its 35th (1979) to 42nd (1986) sessions. An open-ended working group of was created in 1979. The group met each year for one week preceding the sessions of the Commission on Human Rights to accelerate drafting of the new Convention. The Convention was adopted on 20 November 1989 by General Assembly Resolution 44/25. It puts forth all the fundamental rights of the child, whether civil, political, economic, social or cultural. Article 38 makes provision for children in situations of armed conflict and was introduced at a session meeting of the working group from 28 January to 1 February 1985, which preceded the 41st session of the Commission on Human Rights upon the initiative of the delegations from the Netherlands, Sweden and Finland, seconded by Belgium, Peru and Senegal. Article 43 provides for the creation of a Committee on the rights of the child, consisting of ten experts, to follow the progress made by States Parties in fulfilling the obligations undertaken by virtue of the Convention.