doctype: protocol

identifier: Second Hague Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property, 1999

depositary: UNESCO

languages: English Arabic Chinese Spanish French Russian

reference: Second Hague Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property, 1999

title: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict The Hague, 26 March 1999

action: accession

country: Cyprus

action: signature

country: Chile

country: Egypt

country: Poland

country: Colombia

country: Slovakia

country: Mali

country: Paraguay

country: El Salvador

country: Costa Rica

country: Niger

country: Syrian Arab Republic

country: Netherlands

country: Italy

country: Greece

country: Tajikistan

country: Montenegro

action: succession

country: Georgia

country: Estonia

country: Dominican Republic

country: Benin

country: Madagascar

country: Bahrain

country: Côte d'Ivoire

country: Ghana

country: Palestine

country: Panama

country: Azerbaijan

country: Oman

country: Equatorial Guinea

country: Austria

country: Barbados

country: Spain

reservation: “Accession of the Islamic Republic of Iran to this Protocol shall not mean the recognition of any country it does not recognize, neither shall it give rise to any commitment toward such states or governments” Annexed to the instrument was the following explanatory declaration: “Considering the special importance of protecting cultural heritage of nations against damages caused by war, Bearing in mind the fact that cultural heritage of nations is deemed as part of cultural heritage of humanity, Considering that full protect of cultural heritage against damages caused by armed conflicts needs the protections more than that which is provided for in the present Protocol, The Islamic Republic of Iran regards the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral supplementary agreements to the present Protocol as necessary and states its readiness to conclude such agreements. These agreements shall entail the granting of privileges and providing more possibilities for protection of cultural heritage of nations and shall also articulate the rules stipulated in the Protocol including customary rules of international law, in a way that solely include the rules that are not protested by the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and as well as explain more clearly the modality for the implementation of provisions of section 4 of this Protocol.”

reservation: The statement of understanding reproduced below was annexed to the instrument of accession : "STATEMENT OF UNDERSTANDING 1. It is the understanding of the Government of Canada that the definition of a military objective in Article 2(f) is to be interpreted the same way as Article 52(2) of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. 2. It is the understanding of the Government of Canada that in relation to Article 6(a)(ii), 6(b), 7(a), 7(b), 8, 13(2)(a) and 13(2)(b) the word "feasible" means that which is practicable or practically possible, taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations. 3. It is the understanding of the Government of Canada that in relation to Article 6(a)(ii), 6(b), 7(c) and 7(d)(ii) that the military advantage anticipated from an attack is intended to refer to the advantage anticipated from the attack considered as a whole and not from isolated or particular parts of the attack. 4. It is the understanding of the Government of Canada that any cultural property that becomes a military objective may be attacked in accordance with a waiver of imperative military necessity pursuant 10 Article 4(2) of the Convention. 5. It is the understanding of the Government of Canada that a decision to invoke imperative military necessity pursuant to Article 6(c) of this Protocol may be taken by an officer commanding a force smaller than the equivalent of a battalion in size in circumstances where the cultural property becomes a military objective and the circumstances ruling at the time relating to force protection are such that it is not feasible to require the decision to be made by an officer commanding a force the equivalent of a battalion in size or larger. 6. It is the understanding of the Government of Canada that under Article 6(a)(i), cultural property can be made into a military objective because of its nature, location, purpose or use."

country: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

text: The Parties,

text: Conscious of the need to improve the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict and to establish an enhanced system of protection for specifically designated cultural property;

text: Reaffirming the importance of the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, done at the Hague on 14 May 1954, and emphasizing the necessity to supplement these provisions through measures to reinforce their implementation;

text: Desiring to provide the High Contracting Parties to the Convention with a means of being more closely involved in the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict by establishing appropriate procedures therefor;

text: Considering that the rules governing the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict should reflect developments in international law;

text: Affirming that the rules of customary international law will continue to govern questions not regulated by the provisions of this Protocol;

text: Have agreed as follows:

text: Preamble

text: For the purposes of this Protocol:

text: a. "Party" means a State Party to this Protocol;

text: b. "cultural property" means cultural property as defined in Article 1 of the Convention;

text: c. "Convention" means the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, done at The Hague on 14 May 1954;

text: d. "High Contracting Party" means a State Party to the Convention;

text: e. "enhanced protection" means the system of enhanced protection established by Articles 10 and 11 ;

text: f. "military objective" means an object which by its nature, location, purpose, or use makes an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or neutralisation, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage;

text: g. "illicit" means under compulsion or otherwise in violation of the applicable rules of the domestic law of the occupied territory or of international law.

text: h. "List" means the International List of Cultural Property under Enhanced Protection established in accordance with Article 27 , sub-paragraph 1(b);

text: i. "Director-General" means the Director-General of UNESCO;

text: j. "UNESCO" means the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization;

text: k. "First Protocol" means the Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict done at The Hague on 14 May 1954;

text: Article 1 - Definitions

text: This Protocol supplements the Convention in relations between the Parties.

text: Article 2 - Relation to the Convention

text: 1. In addition to the provisions which shall apply in time of peace, this Protocol shall apply in situations referred to in Article 18 paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Convention and in Article 22 paragraph 1.

text: 2. When one of the parties to an armed conflict is not bound by this Protocol, the Parties to this Protocol shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by this Protocol in relation to a State party to the conflict which is not bound by it, if the latter accepts the provisions of this Protocol and so long as it applies them.

text: Article 3 - Scope of application

text: The application of the provisions of Chapter 3 of this Protocol is without prejudice to:

text: a. the application of the provisions of Chapter I of the Convention and of Chapter 2 of this Protocol;

text: b. the application of the provisions of Chapter 2 of the Convention save that, as between Parties to this Protocol or as between a Party and a State which accepts and applies this Protocol in accordance with Article 3 paragraph 2, where cultural property has been granted both special protection and enhanced protection, only the provisions of enhanced protection shall apply.

text: Article 4 - Relationship between Chapter 3 and other provisions of the Convention and this Protocol

text: Preparatory measures taken in time of peace for the safeguarding of cultural property against the foreseeable effects of an armed conflict pursuant to Article 3 of the Convention shall include, as appropriate, the preparation of inventories, the planning of emergency measures for protection against fire or structural collapse, the preparation for the removal of movable cultural property or the provision for adequate in situ protection of such property, and the designation of competent authorities responsible for the safeguarding of cultural property.

text: Article 5 - Safeguarding of cultural property

text: With the goal of ensuring respect for cultural property in accordance with Article 4 of the Convention:

text: a. a waiver on the basis of imperative military necessity pursuant to Article 4 paragraph 2 of the Convention may only be invoked to direct an act of hostility against cultural property when and for as long as:

text: i. that cultural property has, by its function, been made into a military objective; and

text: ii. there is no feasible alternative available to obtain a similar military advantage to that offered by directing an act of hostility against that objective;

text: b. a waiver on the basis of imperative military necessity pursuant to Article 4 paragraph 2 of the Convention may only be invoked to use cultural property for purposes which are likely to expose it to destruction or damage when and for as long as no choice is possible between such use of the cultural property and another feasible method for obtaining a similar military advantage;

text: c. the decision to invoke imperative military necessity shall only be taken by an officer commanding a force the equivalent of a battalion in size or larger, or a force smaller in size where circumstances do not permit otherwise;

text: d. in case of an attack based on a decision taken in accordance with sub-paragraph (a), an effective advance warning shall be given whenever circumstances permit.

text: Article 6 - Respect for cultural property

text: Without prejudice to other precautions required by international humanitarian law in the conduct of military operations, each Party to the conflict shall:

text: a. do everything feasible to verify that the objectives to be attacked are not cultural property protected under Article 4 of the Convention;

text: b. take all feasible precautions in the choice of means and methods of attack with a view to avoiding, and in any event to minimizing, incidental damage to cultural property protected under Article 4 of the Convention;

text: c. refrain from deciding to launch any attack which may be expected to cause incidental damage to cultural property protected under Article 4 of the Convention which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated; and

text: d. cancel or suspend an attack if it becomes apparent:

text: i. that the objective is cultural property protected under Article 4 of the Convention

text: ii. that the attack may be expected to cause incidental damage to cultural property protected under Article 4 of the Convention which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.

text: Article 7 - Precautions in attack

text: The Parties to the conflict shall, to the maximum extent feasible:

text: a. remove movable cultural property from the vicinity of military objectives or provide for adequate in situ protection;

text: b. avoid locating military objectives near cultural property.

text: Article 8 - Precautions against the effects of hostilities

text: 1. Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 4 and 5 of the Convention, a Party in occupation of the whole or part of the territory of another Party shall prohibit and prevent in relation to the occupied territory:

text: a. any illicit export, other removal or transfer of ownership of cultural property;

text: b. any archaeological excavation, save where this is strictly required to safeguard, record or preserve cultural property;

text: c. any alteration to, or change of use of, cultural property which is intended to conceal or destroy cultural, historical or scientific evidence.

text: 2. Any archaeological excavation of, alteration to, or change of use of, cultural property in occupied territory shall, unless circumstances do not permit, be carried out in close co-operation with the competent national authorities of the occupied territory.

text: Article 9 - Protection of cultural property in occupied territory

text: Cultural property may be placed under enhanced protection provided that it meets the following three conditions:

text: a. it is cultural heritage of the greatest importance for humanity;

text: b. it is protected by adequate domestic legal and administrative measures recognising its exceptional cultural and historic value and ensuring the highest level of protection;

text: c. it is not used for military purposes or to shield military sites and a declaration has been made by the Party which has control over the cultural property, confirming that it will not be so used.

text: Article 10 - Enhanced protection

text: 1. Each Party should submit to the Committee a list of cultural property for which it intends to request the granting of enhanced protection.

text: 2. The Party which has jurisdiction or control over the cultural property may request that it be included in the List to be established in accordance with Article 27 sub-paragraph 1(b). This request shall include all necessary information related to the criteria mentioned in Article 10 . The Committee may invite a Party to request that cultural property be included in the List.

text: 3. Other Parties, the International Committee of the Blue Shield and other non-governmental organisations with relevant expertise may recommend specific cultural property to the Committee. In such cases, the Committee may decide to invite a Party to request inclusion of that cultural property in the List.

text: 4. Neither the request for inclusion of cultural property situated in a territory, sovereignty or jurisdiction over which is claimed by more than one State, nor its inclusion, shall in any way prejudice the rights of the parties to the dispute.

text: 5. Upon receipt of a request for inclusion in the List, the Committee shall inform all Parties of the request. Parties may submit representations regarding such a request to the Committee within sixty days. These representations shall be made only on the basis of the criteria mentioned in Article 10 . They shall be specific and related to facts. The Committee shall consider the representations, providing the Party requesting inclusion with a reasonable opportunity to respond before taking the decision. When such representations are before the Committee, decisions for inclusion in the List shall be taken, notwithstanding Article 26 , by a majority of four-fifths of its members present and voting.

text: 6. In deciding upon a request, the Committee should ask the advice of governmental and non-governmental organisations, as well as of individual experts.

text: 7. A decision to grant or deny enhanced protection may only be made on the basis of the criteria mentioned in Article 10 .

text: 8. In exceptional cases, when the Committee has concluded that the Party requesting inclusion of cultural property in the List cannot fulfil the criteria of Article 10 sub-paragraph (b), the Committee may decide to grant enhanced protection, provided that the requesting Party submits a request for international assistance under Article 32 .

text: 9. Upon the outbreak of hostilities, a Party to the conflict may request, on an emergency basis, enhanced protection of cultural property under its jurisdiction or control by communicating this request to the Committee. The Committee shall transmit this request immediately to all Parties to the conflict. In such cases the Committee will consider representations from the Parties concerned on an expedited basis. The decision to grant provisional enhanced protection shall be taken as soon as possible and, notwithstanding Article 26 , by a majority of four-fifths of its members present and voting. Provisional enhanced protection may be granted by the Committee pending the outcome of the regular procedure for the granting of enhanced protection, provided that the provisions of Article 10 sub-paragraphs (a) and (c) are met.

text: 10. Enhanced protection shall be granted to cultural property by the Committee from the moment of its entry in the List.

text: 11. The Director-General shall, without delay, send to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and to all Parties notification of any decision of the Committee to include cultural property on the List.

text: Article 11 - The granting of enhanced protection

text: The Parties to a conflict shall ensure the immunity of cultural property under enhanced protection by refraining from making such property the object of attack from any use of the property or its immediate surroundings in support of military action.

text: Article 12 - Immunity of cultural property under enhanced protection

text: 1. Cultural property under enhanced protection shall only lose such protection:

text: a. if such protection is suspended or cancelled in accordance with Article 14 ; or

text: b. if, and for as long as, the property has, by its use, become a military objective.

text: 2. In the circumstances of sub-paragraph 1(b), such property may only be the object of attack if:

text: a. the attack is the only feasible means of terminating the use of the property referred to in sub-paragraph 1(b);

text: b. all feasible precautions are taken in the choice of means and methods of attack, with a view to terminating such use and avoiding, or in any event minimising, damage to the cultural property;

text: c. unless circumstances do not permit, due to requirements of immediate self-defence:

text: i. the attack is ordered at the highest operational level of command;

text: ii. effective advance warning is issued to the opposing forces requiring the termination of the use referred to in sub-paragraph 1(b); and

text: iii. reasonable time is given to the opposing forces to redress the situation.

text: Article 13 - Loss of enhanced protection

text: 1. Where cultural property no longer meets any one of the criteria in Article 10 of this Protocol, the Committee may suspend its enhanced protection status or cancel that status by removing that cultural property from the List.

text: 2. In the case of a serious violation of Article 12 in relation to cultural property under enhanced protection arising from its use in support of military action, the Committee may suspend its enhanced protection status. Where such violations are continuous, the Committee may exceptionally cancel the enhanced protection status by removing the cultural property from the List.

text: 3. The Director-General shall, without delay, send to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and to all Parties to this Protocol notification of any decision of the Committee to suspend or cancel the enhanced protection of cultural property.

text: 4. Before taking such a decision, the Committee shall afford an opportunity to the Parties to make their views known.

text: Article 14 - Suspension and cancellation of enhanced protection

text: 1. Any person commits an offence within the meaning of this Protocol if that person intentionally and in violation of the Convention or this Protocol commits any of the following acts:

text: a. making cultural property under enhanced protection the object of attack;

text: b. using cultural property under enhanced protection or its immediate surroundings in support of military action;

text: c. extensive destruction or appropriation of cultural property protected under the Convention and this Protocol;

text: d. making cultural property protected under the Convention and this Protocol the object of attack;

text: e. theft, pillage or misappropriation of, or acts of vandalism directed against cultural property protected under the Convention.

text: 2. Each Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences under its domestic law the offences set forth in this Article and to make such offences punishable by appropriate penalties. When doing so, Parties shall comply with general principles of law and international law, including the rules extending individual criminal responsibility to persons other than those who directly commit the act.

text: Article 15 - Serious violations of this Protocol

text: 1. Without prejudice to paragraph 2, each Party shall take the necessary legislative measures to establish its jurisdiction over offences set forth in Article 15 in the following cases:

text: a. when such an offence is committed in the territory of that State;

text: b. when the alleged offender is a national of that State;

text: c. in the case of offences set forth in Article 15 sub-paragraphs (a) to (c), when the alleged offender is present in its territory.

text: 2. With respect to the exercise of jurisdiction and without prejudice to Article 28 of the Convention:

text: a. this Protocol does not preclude the incurring of individual criminal responsibility or the exercise of jurisdiction under national and international law that may be applicable, or affect the exercise of jurisdiction under customary international law;

text: b. Except in so far as a State which is not Party to this Protocol may accept and apply its provisions in accordance with Article 3 paragraph 2, members of the armed forces and nationals of a State which is not Party to this Protocol, except for those nationals serving in the armed forces of a State which is a Party to this Protocol, do not incur individual criminal responsibility by virtue of this Protocol, nor does this Protocol impose an obligation to establish jurisdiction over such persons or to extradite them.

text: Article 16 - Jurisdiction

text: 1. The Party in whose territory the alleged offender of an offence set forth in Article 15 sub-paragraphs 1 (a) to (c) is found to be present shall, if it does not extradite that person, submit, without exception whatsoever and without undue delay, the case to its competent authorities, for the purpose of prosecution, through proceedings in accordance with its domestic law or with, if applicable, the relevant rules of international law.

text: 2. Without prejudice to, if applicable, the relevant rules of international law, any person regarding whom proceedings are being carried out in connection with the Convention or this Protocol shall be guaranteed fair treatment and a fair trial in accordance with domestic law and international law at all stages of the proceedings, and in no cases shall be provided guarantees less favorable to such person than those provided by international law.

text: Article 17 - Prosecution

text: 1. The offences set forth in Article 15 sub-paragraphs 1 (a) to (c) shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between any of the Parties before the entry into force of this Protocol. Parties undertake to include such offences in every extradition treaty to be subsequently concluded between them.

text: 2. When a Party which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another Party with which it has no extradition treaty, the requested Party may, at its option, consider the present Protocol as the legal basis for extradition in respect of offences as set forth in Article 15 sub-paragraphs 1 (a) to (c).

text: 3. Parties which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognise the offences set forth in Article 15 sub-paragraphs 1 (a) to (c) as extraditable offences between them, subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested Party.

text: 4. If necessary, offences set forth in Article 15 sub-paragraphs 1 (a) to (c) shall be treated, for the purposes of extradition between Parties, as if they had been committed not only in the place in which they occurred but also in the territory of the Parties that have established jurisdiction in accordance with Article 16 paragraph 1.

text: Article 18 - Extradition

text: 1. Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with investigations or criminal or extradition proceedings brought in respect of the offences set forth in Article 15 , including assistance in obtaining evidence at their disposal necessary for the proceedings.

text: 2. Parties shall carry out their obligations under paragraph 1 in conformity with any treaties or other arrangements on mutual legal assistance that may exist between them. In the absence of such treaties or arrangements, Parties shall afford one another assistance in accordance with their domestic law.

text: Article 19 - Mutual legal assistance

text: 1. For the purpose of extradition, offences set forth in Article 15 sub-paragraphs 1 (a) to (c), and for the purpose of mutual legal assistance, offences set forth in Article 15 shall not be regarded as political offences nor as offences connected with political offences nor as offences inspired by political motives. Accordingly, a request for extradition or for mutual legal assistance based on such offences may not be refused on the sole ground that it concerns a political offence or an offence connected with a political offence or an offence inspired by political motives.

text: 2. Nothing in this Protocol shall be interpreted as imposing an obligation to extradite or to afford mutual legal assistance if the requested Party has substantial grounds for believing that the request for extradition for offences set forth in Article 15 sub-paragraphs 1 (a) to (c) or for mutual legal assistance with respect to offences set forth in Article 15 has been made for the purpose of prosecuting or punishing a person on account of that person's race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin or political opinion or that compliance with the request would cause prejudice to that person's position for any of these reasons.

text: Article 20 - Grounds for refusal

text: Without prejudice to Article 28 of the Convention, each Party shall adopt such legislative, administrative or disciplinary measures as may be necessary to suppress the following acts when committed intentionally:

text: a. any use of cultural property in violation of the Convention or this Protocol;

text: b. any illicit export, other removal or transfer of ownership of cultural property from occupied territory in violation of the Convention or this Protocol.

text: Article 21 - Measures regarding other violations

text: 1. This Protocol shall apply in the event of an armed conflict not of an international character, occurring within the territory of one of the Parties.

text: 2. This Protocol shall not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence and other acts of a similar nature.

text: 3. Nothing in this Protocol shall be invoked for the purpose of affecting the sovereignty of a State or the responsibility of the government, by all legitimate means, to maintain or re-establish law and order in the State or to defend the national unity and territorial integrity of the State.

text: 4. Nothing in this Protocol shall prejudice the primary jurisdiction of a Party in whose territory an armed conflict not of an international character occurs over the violations set forth in Article 15 .

text: 5. Nothing in this Protocol shall be invoked as a justification for intervening, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the armed conflict or in the internal or external affairs of the Party in the territory of which that conflict occurs.

text: 6. The application of this Protocol to the situation referred to in paragraph 1 shall not affect the legal status of the parties to the conflict.

text: 7. UNESCO may offer its services to the parties to the conflict.

text: Article 22 - Armed conflicts not of an international character

text: 1. The Meeting of the Parties shall be convened at the same time as the General Conference of UNESCO, and in co-ordination with the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties, if such a meeting has been called by the Director-General.

text: 2. The Meeting of the Parties shall adopt its Rules of Procedure.

text: 3. The Meeting of the Parties shall have the following functions:

text: (a) to elect the Members of the Committee, in accordance with Article 24 paragraph 1;

text: (b) to endorse the Guidelines developed by the Committee in accordance with Article 27 sub-paragraph 1(a);

text: (c) to provide guidelines for, and to supervise the use of the Fund by the Committee;

text: (d) to consider the report submitted by the Committee in accordance with Article 27 sub-paragraph 1(d);

text: (e) to discuss any problem related to the application of this Protocol, and to make recommendations, as appropriate.

text: 4. At the request of at least one-fifth of the Parties, the Director-General shall convene an Extraordinary Meeting of the Parties.

text: Article 23 - Meeting of the Parties

text: 1. The Committee for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict is hereby established. It shall be composed of twelve Parties which shall be elected by the Meeting of the Parties.

text: 2. The Committee shall meet once a year in ordinary session and in extra-ordinary sessions whenever it deems necessary.

text: 3. In determining membership of the Committee, Parties shall seek to ensure an equitable representation of the different regions and cultures of the world.

text: 4. Parties members of the Committee shall choose as their representatives persons qualified in the fields of cultural heritage, defence or international law, and they shall endeavour, in consultation with one another, to ensure that the Committee as a whole contains adequate expertise in all these fields.

text: Article 24 - Committee for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict

text: 1. A Party shall be elected to the Committee for four years and shall be eligible for immediate re-election only once.

text: 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, the term of office of half of the members chosen at the time of the first election shall cease at the end of the first ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties following that at which they were elected. These members shall be chosen by lot by the President of this Meeting after the first election.

text: Article 25 - Term of office

text: 1. The Committee shall adopt its Rules of Procedure.

text: 2. A majority of the members shall constitute a quorum. Decisions of the Committee shall be taken by a majority of two-thirds of its members voting.

text: 3. Members shall not participate in the voting on any decisions relating to cultural property affected by an armed conflict to which they are parties.

text: Article 26 - Rules of procedure

text: 1. The Committee shall have the following functions:

text: a. to develop Guidelines for the implementation of this Protocol;

text: b. to grant, suspend or cancel enhanced protection for cultural property and to establish, maintain and promote the List of cultural property under enhanced protection;

text: c. to monitor and supervise the implementation of this Protocol and promote the identification of cultural property under enhanced protection;

text: d. to consider and comment on reports of the Parties, to seek clarifications as required, and prepare its own report on the implementation of this Protocol for the Meeting of the Parties;

text: e. to receive and consider requests for international assistance under Article 32 ;

text: f. to determine the use of the Fund;

text: g. to perform any other function which may be assigned to it by the Meeting of the Parties.

text: 2. The functions of the Committee shall be performed in co-operation with the Director-General.

text: 3. The Committee shall co-operate with international and national governmental and non-governmental organizations having objectives similar to those of the Convention, its First Protocol and this Protocol. To assist in the implementation of its functions, the Committee may invite to its meetings, in an advisory capacity, eminent professional organizations such as those which have formal relations with UNESCO, including the International Committee of the Blue Shield (ICBS) and its constituent bodies. Representatives of the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (Rome Centre) (ICCROM) and of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) may also be invited to attend in an advisory capacity.

text: Article 27 - Functions

text: The Committee shall be assisted by the Secretariat of UNESCO which shall prepare the Committee's documentation and the agenda for its meetings and shall have the responsibility for the implementation of its decisions.

text: Article 28 - Secretariat

text: 1. A Fund is hereby established for the following purposes:

text: a. to provide financial or other assistance in support of preparatory or other measures to be taken in peacetime in accordance with, inter alia, Article 5 , Article 10 sub-paragraph (b) and Article 30 ; and

text: b. to provide financial or other assistance in relation to emergency, provisional or other measures to be taken in order to protect cultural property during periods of armed conflict or of immediate recovery after the end of hostilities in accordance with, inter alia, Article 8 sub-paragraph (a).

text: 2. The Fund shall constitute a trust fund, in conformity with the provisions of the financial regulations of UNESCO.

text: 3. Disbursements from the Fund shall be used only for such purpose as the Committee shall decide in accordance with the guidelines as defined in Article 23 sub-paragraph 3(c). The Committee may accept contributions to be used only for a certain programme or project, provided that the Committe shall have decided on the implementation of such programme or project.

text: 4. The resources of the Fund shall consist of:

text: a. voluntary contributions made by the Parties;

text: b. contributions, gifts or bequests made by:

text: (i) other States;

text: (ii) UNESCO or other organizations of the United Nations system;

text: (iii) other intergovernmental or non-governmental organizations; and

text: (iv) public or private bodies or individuals;

text: c. any interest accruing on the Fund;

text: d. funds raised by collections and receipts from events organized for the benefit of the Fund; and

text: e. all other resources authorized by the guidelines applicable to the Fund.

text: Article 29 - The Fund for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict

text: 1. The Parties shall endeavour by appropriate means, and in particular by educational and information programmes, to strengthen appreciation and respect for cultural property by their entire population.

text: 2. The Parties shall disseminate this Protocol as widely as possible, both in time of peace and in time of armed conflict.

text: 3. Any military or civilian authorities who, in time of armed conflict, assume responsibilities with respect to the application of this Protocol, shall be fully acquainted with the text thereof. To this end the Parties shall, as appropriate:

text: (a) incorporate guidelines and instructions on the protection of cultural property in their military regulations;

text: (b) develop and implement, in cooperation with UNESCO and relevant governmental and non-governmental organizations, peacetime training and educational programmes;

text: (c) communicate to one another, through the Director-General, information on the laws, administrative provisions and measures taken under sub-paragraphs (a) and (b);

text: (d) communicate to one another, as soon as possible, through the Director-General, the laws and administrative provisions which they may adopt to ensure the application of this Protocol.

text: Article 30 - Dissemination

text: In situations of serious violations of this Protocol, the Parties undertake to act, jointly through the Committee, or individually, in cooperation with UNESCO and the United Nations and in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

text: Article 31 - International cooperation

text: 1. A Party may request from the Committee international assistance for cultural property under enhanced protection as well as assistance with respect to the preparation, development or implementation of the laws, administrative provisions and measures referred to in Article 10 .

text: 2. A party to the conflict, which is not a Party to this Protocol but which accepts and applies provisions in accordance with Article 3 , paragraph 2, may request appropriate international assistance from the Committee.

text: 3. The Committee shall adopt rules for the submission of requests for international assistance and shall define the forms the international assistance may take.

text: 4. Parties are encouraged to give technical assistance of all kinds, through the Committee, to those Parties or parties to the conflict who request it.

text: Article 32 - International assistance

text: 1. A Party may call upon UNESCO for technical assistance in organizing the protection of its cultural property, such as preparatory action to safeguard cultural property, preventive and organizational measures for emergency situations and compilation of national inventories of cultural property, or in connection with any other problem arising out of the application of this Protocol. UNESCO shall accord such assistance within the limits fixed by its programme and by its resources.

text: 2. Parties are encouraged to provide technical assistance at bilateral or multilateral level.

text: 3. UNESCO is authorized to make, on its own initiative, proposals on these matters to the Parties.

text: Article 33 - Assistance of UNESCO

text: This Protocol shall be applied with the co-operation of the Protecting Powers responsible for safeguarding the interests of the Parties to the conflict.

text: Article 34 - Protecting Powers

text: 1. The Protecting Powers shall lend their good offices in all cases where they may deem it useful in the interests of cultural property, particularly if there is disagreement between the Parties to the conflict as to the application or interpretation of the provisions of this Protocol.

text: 2. For this purpose, each of the Protecting Powers may, either at the invitation of one Party, of the Director-General, or on its own initiative, propose to the parties to the conflict a meeting of their representatives, and in particular of the authorities responsible for the protection of cultural property, if considered appropriate, on the territory of a State not party to the conflict. The parties to the conflict shall be bound to give effect to the proposals for meeting made to them. The Protecting Powers shall propose for approval by the Parties to the conflict a person belonging to a State not party to the conflict or a person presented by the Director-General, which person shall be invited to take part in such a meeting in the capacity of Chairman.

text: Article 35 - Conciliation procedure

text: 1. In a conflict where no Protecting Powers are appointed the Director-General may lend good offices or act by any other form of conciliation or mediation, with a view to settling the disagreement.

text: 2. At the invitation of one Party or of the Director-General, the Chairman of the Committee may propose to the Parties to the conflict a meeting of their representatives, and in particular of the authorities responsible for the protection of cultural property, if considered appropriate, on the territory of a State not party to the conflict.

text: Article 36 - Conciliation in absence of Protecting Powers

text: 1. The Parties shall translate this Protocol into their official languages and shall communicate these official translations to the Director-General.

text: 2. The Parties shall submit to the Committee, every four years, a report on the implementation of this Protocol.

text: Article 37 - Translations and reports

text: No provision in this Protocol relating to individual criminal responsibility shall affect the responsibility of States under international law, including the duty to provide reparation.

text: Article 38 - State responsibility

text: This Protocol is drawn up in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish, the six texts being equally authentic.

text: Article 39 - Languages

text: This Protocol shall bear the date of 26 March 1999. It shall be opened for signature by all High Contracting Parties at The Hague from 17 May 1999 until 31 December 1999.

text: Article 40 - Signature

text: 1. This Protocol shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by High Contracting Parties which have signed this Protocol, in accordance with their respective constitutional procedures.

text: 2. The instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Director-General.

text: Article 41 - Ratification, acceptance or approval

text: 1. This Protocol shall be open for accession by other High Contracting Parties from 1 January 2000.

text: 2. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Director-General.

text: Article 42 - Accession

text: 1. This Protocol shall enter into force three months after twenty instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession have been deposited.

text: 2. Thereafter, it shall enter into force, for each Party, three months after the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

text: Article 43 - Entry into force

text: The situations referred to in Articles 18 and 19 of the Convention shall give immediate effect to ratifications, acceptances or approvals of or accessions to this Protocol deposited by the parties to the conflict either before or after the beginning of hostilities or occupation. In such cases the Director-General shall transmit the communications referred to in Article 46 by the speediest method.

text: Article 44 - Entry into force in situations of armed conflict

text: 1. Each Party may denounce this Protocol.

text: 2. The denunciation shall be notified by an instrument in writing, deposited with the Director-General.

text: 3. The denunciation shall take effect one year after the receipt of the instrument of denunciation. However, if, on the expiry of this period, the denouncing Party is involved in an armed conflict, the denunciation shall not take effect until the end of hostilities, or until the operations of repatriating cultural property are completed, whichever is the later.

text: Article 45 - Denunciation

text: The Director-General shall inform all High Contracting Parties as well as the United Nations, of the deposit of all the instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession provided for in Articles 41 and 42 and of denunciations provided for in Article 45 .

text: Article 46 - Notifications

text: In conformity with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, this Protocol shall be registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations at the request of the Director-General.

text: IN FAITH WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized, have signed the present Protocol.

text: DONE at The Hague, this twenty-sixth day of March 1999, in a single copy which shall be deposited in the archives of the UNESCO, and certified true copies of which shall be delivered to all the High Contracting Parties.

text: Article 47 - Registration with the United Nations

summary: 1. Basic protection: The 1954 Convention was adopted well before the 1977 Protocols. It was drafted against the background of the Second World War at a time when it was still considered inevitable that entire cities would be attacked. In the midst of such a war, the 1954 Convention sought to protect valuable cultural property. It provides that cultural property can only be attacked in case of "imperative military necessity" without defining this exception. In 1977, Protocol I did away with this approach. Henceforth, only military objectives - more clearly defined and more carefully selected - should be made the object of attack. It appeared self-evident that any improvement of the 1954 Convention should reflect this modern approach: cultural property is civilian property and it should not be attacked unless when it becomes a military objective. In addition, cultural property can only be attacked when there is no other feasible alternative. The updating of the 1954 Convention in light of Protocol I also led to the inclusion of rules concerning precautions in attack that are found in Protocol I. 2. Enhanced protection: Given that the 1954 system of cultural property under special protection never worked, the Second Procotol establishes a new system. Cultural property of the greatest importance for humanity can be placed under enhanced protection provided it is adequately protected by domestic law and not used for military purposes or to shield military sites. Enhanced protection is granted from the moment of entry in the List of Cultural Property Under Enhanced Protection. This decision is taken by the Committee for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, an intergovernmental committee established under the new Protocol. 3. Enforcement: Another development reflected in the new Protocol is the increased effort to fight impunity through effective criminal prosecution of war criminals. The Protocol specifically defines five serious violations for which it establishes individual criminal responsibility. States undertake to adopt appropriate legislation to make these violations criminal offences under domestic law, to provide appropriate penalties and to establish jurisdiction over these offences, including universal jurisdiction for three of the five serious violations. The list of serious violations goes well beyond existing law. 4. Scope of application: The Second Protocol applies equally to international and non-international armed conflicts. The extension of the application of the Second Protocol to non-international armed conflicts is essential.