Free and fair elections - and beyond final report from the International Electoral Institute Commission
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Free and Fair electzons
beyond
and
Final report The International Electoral Institute Commission October 21, 1993 m SBU MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS 100 SWEDEN
Swedish Official Reports Series
. WW 1993: 100
w
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
Free and Fair elections
— and beyond
Final Report from The International Electoral
Institute Commission Stockholm 1993
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THE PRINTING WORKS OF THE ISBN 91-38-13481-0 CABINET OFFICE AND MINISTRIES Stockholm 1993 ISSN 0375-250X
INTERNATIONAL ELECTORAL INSTITUTE COMMISSION
Executive
Summary
This report deals with the prospects for free and fair elections and how
to support and reinforce the electoral part of the quest for process as
democracy around the world. After the end of the cold great
war a
opportunity there and should be seized.
The International Electoral Institute Commission, appointed by the
Swedish Government, has been at work for Its task has been
one year.
to seek answers to four questions:
At this time in history there potential to promote and support free
a
and fair elections, transition to democracy and international
a
cooperation on these matters. What the character of the demand
short-term, long-term or a combination
-
2. What not currently being done and what will be the challenges in a longer—term perspective
3. there need for institute existing bodies be adapted
a a new or can
to fill possible How could institute complement the United
gaps an
Nations and other bodies in this field
4. What the international interest in undertaking of this kind
an
This report addresses these questions under its various headings.
The Commission concludes that there need for and broad
a a
interest world-wide in establishing international institute.
a new recommends the Swedish Government to take the initiative to
invite interested partners to discuss and negotiate the formation of such
an institute, based the proposals and recommendations contained in
on
this report.
Democracy on the move
The end of the cold led to in the demand for pluralism
war an upsurge and in Europe and of the former USSR. democracy eastern parts Country after country turned to the international community as they started the transition from one—party states to multi—party democracies. similar other of the world. The A development taking place in parts wall instances, but
fall of the Berlin precipitated developments in some
with change for strong domestic
many political systems were pregnant
reasons. From democratic values could become more universally now on The international community has opportunity to reinforce
accepted. an
and democratic that might otherwise founder. give support to processes what when such lost.
History demonstrates can happen a moment
Internal confrontations become overriding for the world can concerns also. There wide recognition today of the link between community IS a democracy and peace.
from within and be supported from below.
Democracy must grow
and often play Outside interventions top-down initiatives can a
role but should be incidental
significant in a specific situation, seen as
with broad domestic base. Democracy of to developments a more a than fixed and finished state. must be furthered movement a as a of ideas and views the process, requiring exchange experiences, on of different institutional frameworks. There limits to how efficacy are
much of this can be carried out in a government—centred setting. A
role for other than governments foreseen. Parliaments growing actors and electoral commissions and monitoring parliamentarians, groups, local media, and other NGO’s all
governments, popular movements
have vital roles to play in their different capacities.
ahead and needs be
largely
II. The unmet
challenges can summarized into five categories:
Needs and demand far this field of international
outstrips supply in
The end of the cold and changing perception of cooperation. war a
sovereignty have opened for extended international cooperation on
up broad of subjects. a range
2. A long-term view rather than the concentration on or necessary around election which has been the far. Dealing with day, custom so before and between elections, such the role of the opposiprocesses as
tion, legislation, a more coherent and less selective approach, exchange
of and networks, follow-up of the second and third election experiences in a transition.
3. Political neutrality and integrity: the sensitive nature of electoral
cooperation raises the question of who sets the agenda for different phases. lmpartiality highly relevant i.a. to the establishment of universally accepted rules and guidelines. The international cooperation
must be based and reflect different cultures and perspectives.
on
4. Professionalism and efficiency; Except for some international
organizations there few actors, who work professionally and
are very
with long—term perspective to support electoral In order to
a processes.
achieve greater efficiency desirable that several professional categories coordinate their efforts in systematic
a more manner.
Mandates and roles: In democratic society the different actors in
a
electoral processesparties, governments, parliaments, electoral commissions, the judiciary, researchers and media have distinctly
different mandates and roles, which cannot be taken over by others. International cooperation should reflect this that mandates and roles
so
not misunderstood unduly mixed
are or up.
III. Mandates and tasks of the institute
The Commission flexible mandate that beyond present
proposes a sees
short—term projects requirements a mandate that has several windows
— and leaves doors some open.
The tasks can be described under three captions:
1. Normative and Research tasks, which include data bank, internatioa
nal networking of researchers, initiating and supporting research activities, development of internationally accepted rules and
norms,
guide~lines for election observers well for aspects of electoral
as as
Publication of reports, research and studies.
processes.
2. Capacity—building, Consultancy and Assistance. This includes training of and support to national involved in the development of rules,
groups
guide-lines and institutions to uphold free and fair elections. Electoral
systems, laws, studies of election costs and other aspects to promote
a
democratic culture. The method of work should be process—oriented rather than short-term projects.
International Electoral Cooperation. Tasks related to support and back-
of international observers in order to make such activities up more
efficient. Coordination and exchange of experiences and knowledge through conferences and seminars. Examples of possible items could be the role of the opposition, the media well the military, nationality
as as
and citizenship, the role of minority costs of elections, local
groups, elections and democratic culture.
The distinction above naturally has weaknesses. Very few issues
can
be neatly compartmentalized according to theoretical categories. Many several Normative and operative activities questions encompass aspects. each other. The balance has to be struck for the Board presuppose right of the institute and be influenced by experiences, demand and the activities of others.
IV. Statutes
Political and be safeguarded in the neutrality integrity must statutes and in the functioning of the institute. The institute would bring together NGO’s, proposed governments, parliamentarian bodies and international agencies as equal partners. A Board Trustees should be created the principal of the institute. to act as would be the guardian of the statutes, take decisions on the overall mandate of the institutes work and establish the annual budget. Three categories of interests should be represented: financers, representatives of various international bodies and the UN and, thirdly, individuals with different balance of geographical and experiences, reflecting a
professional backgrounds.
The Board of Trustees should appoint Executive Committee and a an
Secretary-General to run the institute. The Committee expected to
lead and direct the institute’s operations. The Committee should thus comprise expertise of different kinds such as legal skills, electoral techniques, academic research, information technology, political science etc. proposed that the institute be established foundation. Apart as a from the formal structure recommended that the institute consider the of for advice well national committees and use advisory panels as as support for networking. groups
V. Organization and budget
The of the much based the idea operational principle institute very on of different professions and achieve the best networking experiences to results. Permanent staff therefore be limited but must, the other can on hand, intellectual critical to be able to perform well. represent an mass The staffing plan for the institute and tentative report presents a a budget for its first three deems desirable for the institute to years. full within three At that grow gradually, achieving capacity years. stage the institute would have total of thirty employees. The total budget for a three would amount to around USD 6 million, of which about half year
will be direct costs. calculated that the budget for the
programme first would be about USD 2 million and 4 million in year two. year
VI. The role of the United Nations and other
organizations.
The United Nations has emerged significant actor in electoral as a cooperation. The Commission has worked closely with the different entities in the UN, involved in the issues related to the task of the Commission. They have all welcomed the establishment of a new institute as a complement to their efforts. The Commission own proposes the establishment of a link between the UN and the institute. The many other actors the electoral have different on scene characteristics and emphasis. Some have a distinct geographic or geopolitical focus, some have a specific professional or national background while others owned by single category of principal. are one This one of the reasons why the present actors welcome a new institute that envisaged to ground well to combine the cover new as as capacity of the different actors in which not being done today. a way The Commission has had the privilege to conduct extensive consultations with a great number of governments, parliamentarians, international and national organizations, researchers and other experts around the world. These consultations have produced strong encouragement and a large number of good ideas and suggestions, which reflected in this report and for which the Commission wants are to its profound gratitude. express The final chapter of the report gives suggestions regarding the some further process of creating the institute.
2. The Commissions Mandate and Work
the Swedish Government established commission In September 1992 a and relevance of independent internatioto study the feasibility a new electoral Ambassador Bengt Sävenal institute for cooperation. former Under-secretary of state for development Söderbergh, chair it. The creation of this Commission
cooperation was appointed to
to demands from several parties in the Swedish came as a response that effect, and also i.a. reaction to a dramatic parliament to was a in the numbers of to Sweden from all the world increase requests over for electoral observation.
The Commission has consisted of secretariat and parliamentarians
a and specialists in various fieldssee Annex 1. The Commissions mandate to explore the need for a possible was
electoral its to outline proposals
institute. findings were positive, was for the mandate, statutes, costs and provide other information necessary
for later, specific decision. a more could be that feasibility study international argued a on an institute should be undertaken by a of governments or group The Swedish Government acted with of organizations. a sense urgency. could take considerable time to identify potentially interested parties,
of reference and study the question. agree on terms appoint a group to and analyses could was felt, however, that information-gathering be entrusted national commission. An international probably to a be for institute
approach would necessary a possible next step, an
to be established. were The Commission has chosen to out its work in a transparent carry and the Most of its thoughts manner, testing ideas proposals along way. have been well received, a few have been questioned and challenged, as
be and indeed of the for adopting was to expected was one reasons a This has provided the Commission tentative and listening approach.
with many ideas and suggestions, reflected in this report. A list of the Commissions contacts and discussants attached as Annex The Commission wishes to place record its thanks and on indebtedness to all these contributors and to its appreciation of express the interest and support has received. For whatever be found may useful in this report, these inputs to be given credit; for whatever are doubtful, the Commission alone accepts responsibility. The Commission has emphasized consultations and informal discussions. Much time has thus been spent travel and direct on interaction with representatives of governments, parliamentarian many bodies, organizations and individuals. The Commission also had the privilege of being invited to present its ideas at several international conferences and meetings. As complement to these broad contacts the Commission organized a an informal round-table discussion in Geneva with 50 participants, some who had manifested interest in the Commissions work at early an an stage. A of the conclusions from that meeting and list of summary a participants enclosed as Annex Those present were from organizations or, in some cases, were invited in an entirely individual capacity. Two position papers have been circulated, dated November one 1992 and of March 1993. Several Newsletters from the Commission one have briefly and at irregular intervals indicated what activities had recently undertaken. The position papers were made available in English and in French. Japanese members of Parliamentarians for Global Action translated the March into Japanese. paper The main questions the Commission sought to the answer were following.
There a potential at this point in history to promote and support free and fair elections and transition What the a to democracy. character of the demand short-term, long-term combination - or a
the should be that unmet needs do exist, what answer currently not being undertaken and what will be the challenges in a longerterm perspective
Is there need for institute existing bodies be a a new or can adapted to fill possible Could institute
gaps an complement the UN and
other bodies in this field
4. What the international interest in of this kind an undertaking
This report addresses these issues under its various headings. But the the Commission received to the fundamental of the answer question need, was a massive yes. The international community at juncture of great transformation a potential, when much and should be done can to promote democracy. Earlier modalities and structures need to be complemented and
remoulded in this The Commission demand for body light. sees a a new that could tasks outstanding, especially when looking at perform some the of the ahead. The following chapters of this report challenges years set out to describe the various aspects of these findings. The Commission has taken point of departure the acute demand as a for electoral observation and monitoring. But has this as a seen of still taking shape and has chosen to symptom new developments emphasize these ongoing changes and needs. The reasons underlying for electoral missions, and the implications those forces have requests for the future, still issues that need to be addressed. How the present are faces the challenge of boosting democracy and civil society generation a will doubt colour the verdict of posterity the present-day internano on tional community and its leaders. The Commission feels satisfied after its rounds of talks and all the of View has received that there for institute as points a case a new such. There and rationale for special mandate. Such a body space a a facilities. would be a potentially important complement to existing would in the view of the Commission and Leaving things as they are, with whom has imply following of many of those spoken, a course inertia instead; in the Commission has met strong sense many quarters a of and for the fundamental questions of democracy at urgency concern The Commissions report and stake, a stress on keeping up momentum. modest contribution to these discussions and to suggestions are a the need for policies that have to the fore i.a. as a meeting new come of the demise of the cold and growing with human result war a concern international interdependence and peaceful development. rights, How institute’s links with the UN could be crafted, treated in an chapter of this report. a separate The Commissions work formally ends with the presentation of this The final outlines what in report to the Swedish Government. chapter the Commissions View could be a next step.
the Move Some
Democracy on -
of the Recent Past
Experiences
The Commission has taken as its point of departure the electoral process in a wide sense. The Commissions mandate only makes possible to hint briefly at few of the factors that have contributed to placing a electoral cooperation high on the international agenda in recent years. Doing justice to the profound and sweeping changes on the political landscape in the latter half of the eighties and in the nineties would require several volumes. The aim of this report simply to highlight a few of the features that the Commission perceives particularly as relevant to its task.
The demand
The end of the cold led to in the demand for pluralism war an upsurge and democracy in Eastern Europe and parts of the former USSR. Country after country turned to the international community for electoral assistance in various forms, as they started the transition from one-party states to multi-party democracies. This led number to an unprecedented of foreign electoral teams being sent countries of this in to many region a short period of time. A similar development taking place in other parts of the world. The demise of the one-party state in these latter instances is, however, far from always an aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The concept of the one-party state and military rule in various forms were increasingly coming under fire. In many countries the legitimacy of the ruling elites had been eroded by time. For new generations, liberation struggles and the popular support that swept post-colonial leaders to
of the which could relate. What they power were a thing past to they not could observe economic stagnation, abuses, corruption and was autocratic attitudes in varying mixes from country to country. People disenchanted and suffered from economies in trouble. There were deep growing mood for change and for old leaders to step was a a pressure down, from the influence of in Europe and elsewhere. quite apart events The fall of the Berlin wall precipitated developments in some instances, but with change for number of many political systems were pregnant a strong domestic reasons. There in this with developments in the are some parallels context of human have by and large area rights. The past ten to twenty years witnessed of for human rights. a gradual strengthening respect of this forward and for Both an outcome movement a prerequisite the existence of bodies capable of articulating needs, providing documentation and information, and taking action. The world could be the threshold of similar advances in democracy. on The opening of this window of opportunity raises demands for longorder make this sustainable. term action in to development American that Military regimes took over in many Latin states were democracies in the 1950s. The one-party state ousted multi-party systems took after colonial rule in parts of Africa in the 60s or over many and 70s. There and elsewhere such trends being reversed. In Eastern are Europe and in the former Soviet Union democratic issues are being addressed. would thus that from democratic values could seem now on become what be brief period in more universally accepted. For may a time, the international community has opportunity of reinforcing an and democratic that might otherwise founder. consolidating processes demonstrates what when such lost. History can happen a moment
Underlying factors
The of the salient features of the democratic following are some scene that should be especially relevant the Commissions brought out as to work.
1. A New Field for International Cooperation
The issue of national sovereignty was strongly championed in many parts of the world far into the eighties. Newly independent states tended and sensitive naturally to safeguard their independence were to what encroach it. The division of the they perceived as attempts to on world into cold-war blocs had similar effects. partly The today different. scene
Governments feel need for international and regional
a a greater
cooperation in order to tackle common concerns. Many states are their of and welcome sharing reconsidering systems governance
experiences and views. The and of what
globalisation integration
previously were defined as national interests have opened new up horizons and new possibilities.
b Other actors arebecoming increasingly important. Non-govemmental organizations of various kinds, parliaments and parliamentarian bodies and the business community of entities and interests that are examples have come more to the forefront than previously, also in an international context. Accepted authority consequently often questioned; governments are under from below while having to adjust to pressure a different pattern of cooperation across borders. The situation for many NGOs and international bodies complex in a similar way.
2. Security and democracy
One of the tasks of democracy to promote peaceful solution for a conflicts and non-violent transfers of power. When this the case domestically, most states and peoples tend to apply the same attitudes and values regionally and internationally. Viable and stable democracies consequently seldom start armed conflicts. wars or This lends special importance to the challenge of democracy. Recent history demonstrates how internal confrontations can also become overriding concerns for the world community. In parts of the world nationalism and movements for selfsome determination in recent decades and have become powerful grew a force. Civil strife based regionalism struggles of other kinds on or power tore societies apart, not seldom because of inadequate systems of governance. A climate of seeking peaceful means to settle differences and the existence of domestic and external institutions that help can create such attitudes and values are important elements in diminishing the risk of future conflicts. There thus a wide recognition today of a link between democracy and peace. In quarters the inference drawn from this that: many
Strengthening democracy urgent requirement that still largely a. an has to be met, and
Investments in this much less costly in terms of human lives, area are and political than the undertakings resulting from money energy a lack of adequate commitment at early stage. an
3. The Issue of Promoting Good Governance, Human Rights and Democracy
The challenge of setting accepted and passable standards of governance widely felt than only few when the shadow of now more a years ago,
the cold tended to obscure abuses of human rights and democracy war and to stress other issues. squarely the agenda. Funds Today these governance concerns are on are being invested in this field and guidelines developed by aid donors and international bodies. Strengthening the civil society now high on the agenda. At the national level, thought and effort being devoted to are of and human of the world. questions governance rights in many parts Electoral in wide part of this picture and processes a sense are a require corresponding methodical treatment. a To put briefly, powerful forces were previously working contrary to the need for focus good and its expressions, more on governance many them and elections, but of these constraints have among pluralism most either diminished disappeared during the early nineties. gradually or The result that of expectations and needs a floodgate pent-up was and of the international opened posed a new type challenge to community. We currently experiencing for external support to are pressure electoral worldwide. This be of processes can seen as a symptom democratic aspirations and developments; the call for electoral observation of much deeper, profound and faran expression a more need. The immediate in the field of electoral reaching challenge and but the different observation monitoring, long-term perspective and brings out many other concerns.
Strengthening democracy
that the long-term Internationally there a slowly growing awareness for action. Many decision-makers in perspective presents a new agenda and in different of the world need to adapt capitals centres parts see a world in relation democracy and to to a swiftly changing scene to rethink and of them in the light of both existing policies means executing current and foreseeable demands. Such forward-looking approaches and discussed the and exigencies of are being sought despite pressures acute crises and considerations. more Leaders and researchers with this kind of vision for the future of democratic values and civil underline the need address society to and respond both the shortproblems policy options in a way that can to and the demands. Some of these challenges the term long-term are on international agenda now, such as electoral assistance in a narrow sense, others far-reaching issues that still largely need addressing. are more of such discussions viewpoints the nature of future Examples are on demands for good including electoral assistance. There a governance of the other that today growing awareness centrality of many questions are in the background but in all likelihood will attract more emphasis and attention. Some of these varying considerations the following, are few random illustrate the need. quoted as a examples only, given to
The Establishment and Strengthening of Democracies
Democracy must from within and be supported from below. grow Outside intervention and top-down initiatives can often play a significant role in specific situation but should be seen as incidental to a developments with broad domestic base. a Democracy of movement than fixed and finished state. more a a Democracy requires ongoing reassessment and discussion of an modalities, institutions and values. Even mature democracies with a long tradition of pluralism have need to redefine and recast aspects of a their systems. follows from this that democracy must be furthered as requiring of ideas and views the a process, exchanges experiences, on efficacy of different institutional frameworks, and that there limits are to how much of this be carried out in purely govemment-centred can a setting.
2. New Actors In Their Own Right -
There thus a growing role for actors other than governments: parliaments and parliamentarians, who also have loyalties to their constituencies and parties, local governments, NGO’s of various kinds, popular movements and not least ordinary citizens. The increasing importance of democracy strengthens the need for the non-governmental actors to be able to participate on their own terms. That they do fundamental prerequisite for a sustainable can so, a democratic development and civil society. The integrity of the various actors on the democratic scene and emphasis their constituencies therefore crucial issue, both on a philosophically and in practical terms. Democracy an exercise in pluralism. Who sets which agenda mustbe addressed as a key question. There demand for in which different actors a new ways can interact. This true not only of types of bodies but also geographically; often initiatives have emanated from the North. But the perceived very needs are shared in quarters of the world. Countries and groupings many in the South wish their special emphases and adequately to see aspirations expressed. Many national engaged in civic rights, human rights and groups furthering democracy in various ways need international partnerships and networks to be able to function in their role agents of democratic as change. Such collaboration provides them with certain degree of a protection, capacity-building and an exchange of seminal ideas. New partnerships should be established, and adequate vehicles for them, between governments, parliaments, national and international bodies and other actors in democracy and development, respecting their different mandates and terms.
3. Action-orientation
in control of Ideally they the Sometimes events are policy. trigger formulation of long-term policies and help develop orientations. Going the of elections, similar observations be to more specific question can made in the broader field of democracy. As noted earlier, the present as of demands for electoral observation indication of farspate an more reaching needs. The question the requests raise as much what action be taken in the long-term what be done must now perspective as must immediately to address acute issues. A consensus developing in different that the time has to craft policies and many quarters come new the institutional in order to buttress democracy and survey scene advance its development. A view shared by that an imaginative many concerted action different approach now possible to - respecting mandates and terms in order to further sustainable democratic development and civil society, including electoral processes in a wide
sense. should be noted that there are differences of opinion regarding what short-term and what long-term. Electoral observation a case in Some the demand passing need in few years’ point. see present as a - a time there would be little demand the international community or no on for this kind of assistance. Others take opposite view. They put forward the intriguing an of electoral observation accepted feature of the vision becoming an international much the with the observation of military scene, as case The of such would be
manoeuvres. advantages a system to a remove
the stigma of being observed and in principle put countries on a more equal footing, make difficult for reluctant rulers dismiss
b more to
elections them, basis of interna-
outright or rig c help create a common
tional understanding in this area, which would further both human rights and mutual security and could successively be deepened, d help to raise domestic capacity and in this field. The Commission awareness that this idea has complications, such as sometimes the aware many Vested, negative interests in elections in one country by its neighbours but feels that solutions such or by regional or other powers, to problems could be found. This demonstrates clearly that dynamic and forwardexample a looking approach to the issue of democracy in itself new horizons opens and also for in the security creates opportunities preventive measures field.
What the What the
Challenge
4. are -
needs
Much good work has developed and taking place in the field of electoral assistance in recent Also, the scene characterized by years. ongoing improvements and change. The main actors flexible and are meet new challenges as they arise. To present an to date and in up every detail accurate picture of what going on therefore far from easy. What true one month be less than reliable the next and perhaps may misleading short time after that. Nevertheless, through its even a consultations the Commission has identified some areas of electoral assistance in which the international community should intensify its efforts. There a broad consensus on the importance of addressing these electoral issues and in a consistent systematic manner. At earlier stage the Commission listed of these challenges an some and has been privileged to receive observations incorporated many — here its reading of the situation. -— on
Demand and Supply
Demand outstrips supply in the field of electoral cooperation. The Electoral Assistance Unit of the United Nations has at any one time a long list of requests for various kinds of observation missions, technical assistance and other types of smaller and bigger projects to be carried out by the UN or other organizations. To this list can be added, from various countries, demands which have not found their into the way UN, to the Commonwealth, The Council of Europe, CSCE and other e.g. regional bodies. National election bodies in established democracies have natural limitations with regard to what they can undertake abroad,
constitutionally, financially and with regard to manpower. They came dimensioned for domestic needs. On the into being and were to cater international scene, the UN and other actors were not originally conceived for all the different roles that they called to are now upon play.
2. A long-term view
International has hitherto tended to centre election day. The concern on short-term. The approach has been perspective, generally speaking, than concerned with more project-oriented processes. Hitherto there has also been imbalance between building domestic an capacity and sending external teams, the latter form of action being favoured. more These observations should be in the context of how swiftly and seen changes have taken place in The international radically recent years. has had situation, by the of community to respond to a new nature events, and has had to do so ad hoc and in a largely improvised manner. The call for external election observation and monitoring should be of and far-reaching demand interpreted as a symptom a more complex for support for democratic and electoral The international processes. community has recognized this and has indicated by fielding missions that this need One of the that be high on its agenda. questions must asked is, however, how cost effective and adequate in a longer perspective to address electoral issues in the present manner. The fundamental challenge how to further sustainable democratic a Policies and operations should be optimally crafted in both process. financial and substantive terms. In order to meetboth these requirements, the overall should comprise the entire from election perspective process to election. Many decision-makers have stressed this point. Others have also the need take of local situations and needs. emphasized to account There also a growing debate about the of the consequences ongoing transformation of the role of the nation—state and of increasing international interdependence. This has i.a. raised the question of new patterns of democratic cooperation boundaries. across
a The Role Opposition an
The first test of the viability of democratic electoral often a process in the election when foreign have occurs days following an - most teams left. How the opposition treated How does act This of the benchmarks of sustainable democracy. A one a hold elections less than reinforced, the governments propensity to rulers arbitrarily throw the into the new opposition-to-be prison or The role of opposition should be clarified, showing number gutter. an a of models and the bottom line with regard indicating what constitutes conduct the side of both and to commonly accepted on governments
oppositions. The Commonwealth Secretariat has i.a. indicated this aspect as one that in its experience calls for reflection and support; more other discussants hold similar views. Most of the Commissions Contacts have also highlighted the working conditions of an opposition, such de facto possibilities to influence as public opinion. The role of the media of course central issue in this a context. In quarters there anxiety that unrealistic expectations of many an what democracy can bring about in the short term, lead to may a backlash in societies, unless the longer-term challenges tackled many are squarely and forcefully.
b Legislation and Domestic Models
Legislative measures — electoral laws and similar provisions are also elements of viable and sustainable democracy. Part of this the a scene existence of a strong, competent and independent judiciary. This a field that today requires assistance. more Although the basic values underlying pluralistic systems of government be widely shared, the outward expressions of may democracy do differ. Much reflection and still thought has to go into this
area. A special feature of this demand for adaption and innovation within the area of cost. Present procedures often outside the financial are of nations. New, cost-sensitive alternatives range many poor more should be promoted.
c Local Government
A broadly held View that should be rooted democracy on the local and municipal level. The procedures and practices there crucial factor are a in creating climate conducive sound electoral a to a development nationally. Civic education, participation by citizens in decisions that affect them immediately, and civil a strong society are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Against this background, much should more be done to further sound procedures for local elections.
d Dearth Long-term, Coherent Support
The international scene with regard to electoral support characterized by some paradoxes. While there a proliferation of different teams and forms of assistance in some cases those that have attracted extensive attention electoral needs scantily met in others. - many are Looking at some instances, there ground for concern that too much being undertaken by whereas other observers, taking too many; many in the broader picture, are struck by the diverse and largely unmet
challenges that call for additional efforts. of its have the Commission that the Many contacts pointed out to international community and national governments are devoting funds and other issues of economic considerably more resources to than of sustainable democratic development to questions processes, including electoral support. The democratic deficit be reduced, but relatively little global must and efforts applied this task resources are being consistently to - a pittance in comparison with what goes into economic development, itself imminent that the which in inadequate. The risk present democratic mood will be lost and swept in backlash of frustrated away a unless done hopes, more now. However, decision-makers have noted this imbalance and many are that must be redressed. A of their analysis comprises the aware part and international institutional tools for necessity to review reshape the new, long-term policies.
e Exchanges Experience
thrust and of electoral determined by what The content cooperation are Democratic institutions take time constitutes a functioning democracy. to build; they the result of ongoing and cannot come are an process about Nor democracy from the outside. Democracy overnight. can come and elections have fewer chances of becoming sustainable element of a external overly the governance, cooperation concentrates on run-up election, the election itself and the work of non-domestic observers to an and teams. and reflection based The pre-electoral phase requires analysis on and relevant research. Decisions issues of electoral experience gained on seldom taken after less than preparation in support are not adequate this The international would benefit from respect. community a more and structured approach to electoral systematic learning process a more particularly but only this early stage. challenges, not at Members of the international community need to learn from each other and benefit from each other’s Many in the experience. groups South perceive need of networks that would both permit such exchanges a and least of and leeway for action that not - provide a degree security evident without the international connection. Ms. Grace might not be as Githu, Kenyan who chaired the National monitoring team in a lawyer election December 1992, has, for instance, remarked to the Kenyas Commission in relation to this aspect: A number of national groups are in countries and the need therefore arises to springing up developing international which would offer basis for establish an body a cotechnical assistance. The Commission has ordination, networking and similar from bodies and individuals in the South. received many views
f
Role the Military
Among the areas that could be studied the role of the military in many societies. The challenge how the military establishment could become more democratic or function better as a support to democracy rather than antidemocratic force, often the act as an as case.
g Follow-up
The post-electoral phase crucial for the establishment and acceptable functioning of democratic institutions; the real test of democracy generally the second and third election in transition period, a not always the first which today gets most of the attention and where the risk one, of exposure for cheating greater. A consistent and well-articulated follow-up could benefit the entire international community. Experience has furthermore shown that there need, not always a met today, for support structures and professional backup for outside parliamentarians, researchers and others in one way or another active in electoral support. Another when electoral should and where concern support begin the responsibility of the ends
international community - politically,
technically and morally. A point that be taken from operations can hitherto undertaken that the timespan of international involvement should be much longer than has been normally the case.
h Worldwide Approach
Many of the actors in the field of electoral assistance are regional or national. An equitable balance between interests and perspectives, and interaction, would be facilitated by a forum for debate and common reflection, with a specific focus on electoral processes. The inference drawn by the Commission from the long-term, process-oriented needs indicated above that institutional more capacity internationally would considerably improve opportunities for backstopping, professional expertise, reflection and analysis.
Political Neutrality and Integrity
Elections and democracy fundamentally result of from are a pressures within society and be carried forward that a must by society. Ultimately the people participating in election their election. an must own They who are most affected by the outcome should have the best possible for making their judgement. For this, means they often need external support and advice. The outside world assist in several can ways. Electorates would benefit from having a picture of what possible and desirable in different situations. There electoral systems that are no
and and procedures rarely be are perfect in every respect, patterns can
replicated. The sensitive nature of electoral collaboration in a longer and more
also raises the question of who sets the
process-focused perspective
for different phases and elements of electoral cooperation. agenda Political and vital neutrality integrity are concerns. relevant i.a. the This issue of political impartiality highly to
of rules and guidelines. The establishment universally accepted
of democratic and within them of the electoral sustainability processes need by who have system requires such norms a acknowledged most reflected of the few Some of the salient over experiences past years. enumerated below The list could be made questions are as examples.
very long. What and should observers concentrate on On whose behalf do can make statements Who do they to What do they do, they they report be does discover irregularities Will the opposition accepted How
role How considerations and seldom perceive its can political not be from factual conclusions necessary political compromises separated
election such Sometimes marred election regarding an as even a may be forward, but in such instances crucial that the findings of a step observers both domestic and international be put record in their — on from whatever different own right as distinct political course actors of the which there choose to follow. These are just some key questions on
What intolerable and what laudable in no consensus today. a
situation, furthermore always clearcut issue. given not a exercises in different and voices Elections are pluralism. Many actors therefore also be welcome in electoral observation and cooperation. must Little would be served by attempts to centralize procedures, purpose this feasible. But having said this, equally even were practically clear that the proliferation in instances of observer present some groups would benefit from element of clarity and of an stringency, a core This close collaboration between accepted guidelines. presupposes a international and domestic organizations, which in its turn requires
form of worldwide contact. some need felt for for Against this background, there a by many an agent
that in its balanced both in relation electoral support decision-making the interests political parties, NGO’s, to various at play - governments, and bodies and in relation the cultural and parliaments comparable - to of in different of the world. The historical realities societies parts of the OAU those who have especially
Secretary-General among
emphasized this aspect.
4. Professionalism and Efficiency
A major the interlinked challenge of professional competence concern In of the countries in transition, there
and capacity-building. many a
both of elections and the wider but related dearth expertise on on and of election observers, question of democratic institution building,
monitors and researchers.
In discussions with the Commission, representatives of Switzerland and Austria have particularly keenly stressed this aspect. They have also pointed out that in their international development cooperation they have facilities to help achieve this goal and would be interested in seeing pursued also by others the need seen as considerable. On a national basis Norway has carried out thorough inventory of what a Norwegian society as a whole has to offer Nordem. The Commission sees these initiatives as examples that could be emulated nationally and serve as an inspiration internationally. On the international side also, striking that of the actors, so many for instance parliamentary bodies, have main tasks other than election observation and monitoring. Such work generally not what they were created for. Consequently they most often feel that they do not have the the structures to them out well they would wish. resources or carry as as The Speaker of the Danish parliament of the Commissions one discussants that has expressed desire for technical support in a more various ways for parliamentarians participating in electoral observation misssions. The field in need of that could and a centre develop, merge maintain professionalism in the electoral field the whole gamut of over expertise required jurists, parliamentarians, government officials, experts on electoral systems and the mechanics of elections, political scientists, educators, and others whose know-how and experience relevant to electoral operations.
Mandates and Roles
In a one-party state the of the state, party and parliament not organs are separated. Often their roles are even combined in one and the same individual. Nominal NGO’s in such systems also often manifestations are in another form of this monolithic structure. power In a pluralistic democracy, on the other hand, different actors have different mandates and roles, and these roles not interchangeable. are Parliaments, parliamentarians and NGO’s do not report to national govemmentbodies or to international, intergovernmental organizations. The UN, other multilateral agents, individual governments, parliaments, NGO’s and the research community have constituencies, separate which must be respected. All these different actors should be able to participate in their own right and on their own terms. In elections the ruling government but of the actors. For one an election to be free and fair crucial to separate the role of government from that of an electoral Commission. A similar View must be taken with regard to the varying mandates and roles of election observers. Even a sketchy overview of the available and actors resources indicates that there tasks currently are not being performed and for which existing bodies cannot provide a full because of response limitations in their mandates and affiliations.
5. Mandate and Tasks of the Institute
In of this the Commission has described what in its chapter 3 report have the challenges in the field of consultations emerged as major have led the Commission international electoral assistance today. They that follow the institute’s mandate and to the conclusions regarding work. of where Irrespective of what Also, there the question to begin. medium-term perspective, would agenda the institute might have in a build this In later chapter the Commission have to up to gradually. a forward ideas of what the initial tasks of the institute could puts some be during the first two to three years. with backgrounds and Among the many persons varying with whom the Commission has been in touch, there a perspectives of the possible tasks of the institute broad consensus regarding most and mandate and differences of
the process-oriented forward-looking -
how much prominence emphasis on a few others, depending mainly on needs.
also given to some aspects of the immediate, project-centred
that have made that the institute should focus A point most people what between elections. Consequently should not mainly on happens election and the immediate it. The longconcentrate on day run-up to electoral in wide should be the centre of focus term process a sense rather than electoral of various kinds. This point taken. has projects obvious for the kind of mandate the institute should have. implications of the have further and Some Commissions contacts gone one step broad the and possible pointed to democracy in a sense as concern mandate of the institute. An institute dealing with elections would obviously be furthering an But immediate task in the short essential element of democracy. as an
term, should concentrate onbuilding professionalism and competence
delimited The institute’s leadership feel at in a clearly sphere. may a broader than this would be desirable. later stage that a approach
Whether or not such an extension of the mandate should be contemplated, should depend on experience gained, perceived needs and the institute’s competence at that juncture. The institute’s statutes should therefore be flexible enough to accommodate possible broader at a scope some future date. Democracy wide concept that embraces than what a more directly and indirectly relates to the electoral process. better to begin in specific rather than raise unrealistic expectations of early a area expansion into wider field. A strengthening of the electoral a process and its foundations formidable challenge in itself. a The institute’s possible tasks can be described under three captions:
A. Normative and research, B. Capacity-building, consultancy and assistance, C. International electoral cooperation.
However, this a distinction that should be used as an intellectual tool only. There risk in overemphasizing basis for firm a as a decisions the institute’s mandate. Very few issues in reality be on can neatly compartmentalized according to theoretical categories, as the following examples will demonstrate. Many questions encompass several aspects, although they be mainly characterized as belonging may other of the three of tasks. to one or types
A. Normative and research functions
The Commission has found large degree of unanimity regards the a as need for normative capacity on the international electoral scene. This a heading an umbrella for a spectrum of related but different tasks. The most central of them the following: are
1 A data bank 2 Research-oriented activities 3 Internationally accepted rules and guidelines norms, 4 Publication of reports and studies
Examples of Normative Needs The borderline between normative, capacity-building and operative demands not always distinct, as some of the following examples serve to illustrate. They have normative side but also others. a These examples of practical needs represent possibilities for an institute. Longer term and shorter term priorities would have to be set within them. A work plan for the institute would probably comprise some of the following issues but not necessarily all of them they are quoted to demonstrate the type and of demands that still have to scope be met.
Where does for information,
a one turn to today comprehensive
compilation of studies and research. On all the different aspects of the
electoral technical, financial, comparative, legal and others process -
Where there date, universal and easily accessible repository b an up to of information national systems The Inter Parliamentary Union, on IPU, has extensive records within its special field of competence, for instance, which has expressed willingness to put at the disposal of a new institute. So far this source of information has been largely untapped for lack of body that could utilize and draw together with other a related documentation.
Much research should also be done in fields that today receive scant
c
attention. In the situation, fresh of research present changing areas should be identified. The institute could help to focus vital questions. on
The need roles of and opposi-
d to clarify the respective a government
tion nas been mentioned earlier. Electoral legislation, the role of and other assemblies also need be analysed. In parliaments popular to practical guidelines should be developed. some cases
Hitherto international attention has been directed towards
e
most presidential and parliamentary elections. But in a longer term perspective from below; its foundations the local level. a democracy develops are on Practical tasks here beyond the capacity of the international are and be undertaken nationally. But there for community must scope discussing different models and approaches internationally with a view countries in democratic in local to assisting reinforcing processes a context. In respects the local level crucial to the growth of a democratic many culture and to civil society. What happens there, tends to happen Local of democratic and nationally. decision-making the nursery electoral local and local level development. However, governments institutions often struggling against constraints in representative are countries democratic transition. Can they be assisted many undergoing a material and advice from body that has broad view conceptually by a a of the scene
There need international for standard f a to gain acceptance norms, rules and What observed Who observes To whom do guidelines. observers What do do, observe irregularities These report they they and similar questions need to be tackled in comprehensive and as a uniform a way as possible. The situation clear. Some bodies do have highly today less than professional staff and rules, but different external teams tend to follow their which sometimes ad hoc; and national observer own norms, are diverge from country to country and from time to groups even more time. The aim should be that not least domestic teams should by and large have comparable guidelines, with due consideration for specific situations.
What body today documents the which electoral rights
g
extent to are observed in different parts of the world A suggestion could be an annual state of the art document centred electoral in on processes a wide sense. These only some of the normatively oriented issues that the are Commission has met in its consultations and that the institute could address. The for international normative and research-oriented case an mandate recognized by the international a strong one, widely community. The challenge is, the relatively short list of unmet as even needs demonstrates, to confront number of practical and down-toa earth tasks rather than purely theoretical ones. Some fundamental, initial tasks would have to be undertaken and normative capacity would have to be in place early on, the chief some of which the following. are
1. Data Bank
An institute would have to establish data bank acting service a as a facility for researchers and practitioners in the electoral and related fields. The data bank could draw together and factual informaprocess tion on a country basis, reports, evaluations, research findings and similar documentation. A professionally managed information repository of this kind could quickly become an important instrument for individuals and bodies seeking reliable and easily accessible material Computerized and structured to facilitate cross-references. Many alternative grounds for presentation should be possible. Digests, executive summaries and annotated bibliographies would also be part of the services offered. In short, the data bank would act as a modern, specialized information centre. National committees and support would also benefit from groups the services of data bank. a likely that data bank would entail some form of periodical a publication, although the data facility at least to begin with, would probably mainly react to requests.
2. Research Orientation
Another facet of the normative work could be research-oriented. The institute could maintain network of researchers and research institua tions least data the
see chapter 8.
Not by utilizing its own capacity, institute could initiate or stimulate research into significant issues that the body of information available and indications from the field show to be relatively little explored. The Commission does not envisage the institute itself carrying out much academic research of its To build extensive such own. up new facilities could be a duplication of what often best handled in anyway distinctly academic environment that provide researchers a more can
with the infrastructure and daily departmental and interdepartmental contacts that they need to function well. On the other hand, the institute should have a nucleus of qualified researchers order have of work in to a professional overview ongoing worldwide and to commission and initiate research projects in fields that the institute has identified as meriting more attention. A part of this analytically oriented work could be more to provide information and compile material than to undertake research in the strict of the word, but the borderline not distinct and need not sense be so.
B. Capacity-building, consultancy and assistance
Capacity-building, the indicates, to as name encompasses measures strengthen domestic developments. They could include:
1 Assistance in establishing national needs and priorities 2 Facilitating the work of local groups 3 Establishing networks for training 4 Some aspects of confidence-building
Examples of Needs in these Areas
As in the of normative tasks, the Commission has encountered case unanswered relating the building of domestic capacity many questions to to handle electoral The following a small, illustrative processes. selection. Like several of the previous they combine different ones, and know-how. aspects although they centre mainly on capacity Much of the the electoral field the role of emphasis today in on external teams. They do play a Vital role and are sometimes an element. the long-term indispensable But giving more prominence to domestic the agenda. Each processes means placing capacity high on nation will have to develop its institutions and train electoral personnel of various This requires international cooperation and categories. scale. The skills be imparted exchanges on a massive necessary must and effective and in place. This adequate organizational structures put a long-term process. The mood and culture of in have be a society may many cases to affected. Some multi-party systems adversarial than others, are more but democracy does understanding of the role of an a presuppose an of and of the of the opposition and that a government complementarity two.
Meeting National Needs
The of elections that should be given thought.
a cost a question more
The Commission has asked an expert from Elections Canada body - a that has experience from fifty countries to write short some - a paper on this subject, which annexed Annex 3. In countries elections many under the existing patterns are most difficult to undertake without heavy outside support; domestically sustainable methods would have to be different. In some parts of the world regional cooperation might help to bring down costs; several countries could share ballot boxes and other material and institutional infrastructure, they coordinated their elections in time. How can this and related issues be tackled systematically
b Many voices from the South have emphasized the need to analyse the particular constraints and challenges in many developing countries, where illiteracy and other country-specific conditions militate against many of the procedures and assumptions on which European and North-American elections based. This particularly true of the rural are areas, where most of the electorate lives in such countries.
The values and rationale underlying elections the but the
c are same,
Varies in which an electorate freely and fairly its will and way expresses how the electoral system conceived. There doubt alternatives are no to be considered that would better suit the conditions of countries many but thought and comparative study has to into these and other - more go practical problems.
d The existence of experienced and well-trained judiciary andan an adequate legal framework central also to the electoral process and often needs strengthening in countries with fragile democracies in or transition.
Local Groups
In there domestic
e
some countries are groups, often recently established in connection with a first election, that seek i.a. to strengthen the principles of democratic and monitor elections. governance to They often work with small means and have concluded that they must operate in a long-term perspective and in wider context than that a offered by their national situation. Their need for back-up, service and support, sometimes also the protection that international network an could provide. This kind of important part of future group an interlinkages and to be found in different countries.
Training Network
f Several governments and organizations run training courses in subjects connected with the electoral in its broad Many process sense. potential beneficiaries of these facilities however, of the are, unaware
of that could be them. There role for range possibilities open to a a body that caters to the needs of nationals of countries who might not otherwise have information of what offered that perhaps do not or have the funding to participate owing to bilateral limitations or other practical obstacles.
Confidence Building
Often national impasses elections characterized by distrust
g over are
between parties and in country. Now and then an impartial groups a outside body this lack of confidence and loosen can help to overcome facts advice based tight knots simply by presenting giving professional in of the world. on experiences many quarters kind of intervention be But when the need and This cannot planned. institute could consider playing such role, by possioility arise, t .e a involved about and in other informing the parties legislation practices countries. The of who national and thus eligible vote bone question a to a of contention in countries. Citizenship issues often solved many are than by the application of accepted rules; but more through negotiation does have systematic and in some instances help to access to surveys of what has been tested in other situations. This function would analyses be in between norm-setting and mediation. The Commission recognizes that most aid donors are already engaged in electoral assistance and wish be doing also providing to seen so. however, that the needs today great and varied and will be so notes, are for a long time to come. Much effort and development assistance are called for in the more period in between elections than currently forthcoming. Capacitythis stretches from the after election and building in area day one up to including next election day and comprises an array of support measures. local communities and The beneficiaries are governments, parliaments, NGO’s in the countries concerned. The from helping NGO’s range and local furthering national elections in developing government to a broad sense. For the foreseeable future there will be demand for strengthening a institutions and attitudes that fundamental to elections and are democratic culture and democratic attitudes take time to democracy. A become sustainable. The here much involvement but problem not too too little; for the institute where to begin and what limitations to more make than should do anything at all. for national elections often described homogeneous in Support as electoral basically the character 0 as all assistance everywhere was same. In reality, many very different types of action are lumped under the electoral assistance, of electoral together heading of even observation. The perspectives and goals of teams differ. Some are more technical, Even in and the election, teams some more political. one same have varying Election falls into several categories. may agendas. support
One when elections are part of a larger peace-making of the process UN, such as Namibia and Cambodia. In other instances an election part of transition, such in Kenya and Malawi, to quote recent a as examples, and the upcoming elections in Russia and South Africa. Such exercises generally well-covered projects. are On the other hand the second third election and the long and or painstaking of creating democratic climate much less process a supported, although generally seen as being at least as important. A consistent, coherent and broad approach to the issue of electoral cooperation a largely unmet need, despite the superficial impression of wide support to the field that the most publicized elections tend to create in the public mind. The role of the institute in this area should be both a direct and an indirect one. Through its data collecting, situational mapping, expertise and networks in different fields, the institute could help in establishing national needs and priorities when requested to do so. could also act as a broker by collaborating closely with training centres and course organizers in different parts of the world in order places and to secure organize tailor-made for representatives of NGO’s courses or governments. Similarly could identify possible sources of assistance to meet pinpointed needs. Capacity-building can take forms. The institute should have many the development of know-how and of institutions of its central as one themes, but should be open and flexible about how achieves these aims.
C. International electoral
cooperation
The Commission identifies two main types of work for an institute in the field of international electoral cooperation:
1 one relating to exchanges of experiences through seminars and conferences and
2 one that focuses on supporting electoral observation and monitoring in various forms.
The two treated under A and B previously those which areas are on there a large degree of consensus. As regards some elements of the third of the institute’s possible undertakings, electoral observation, monitoring and verification, the emphasis differs depending how on this task perceived and defined. An emphasis the present and its on needs leads kind of bias, whereas preoccupation with where the to one a international community heading, implies another stress. The Commission has discerned need to discuss broadening of a a operational action beyond electoral observation, monitoring and verification, which today often are seen as almost to synonomous electoral assistance. There much international interaction of other
kinds that potentially could be as important. One such to bring about exchanges of views on concerns concern shared such the role of the military and costs. such by many, as exercises action-oriented and down-to-earth, the implementation were of would doubt follow. In instances, accepted proposals no most and in best carried out domestically. changes improvements are any case In most least in countries in transition there strong quarters - not - a desire to exchange information and experiences, to come together in seminars, and round tables discuss issues also in workshops at to a the need much for intellectual assistance in practical manner; as for abstract debates tackling domestic practical problems as more on and theories. principles The should be well and equipped seminars, institute placed to mount conferences and spearhead topics, the needs workshops on to meet elsewhere this An annual conference chapter
referred to in report. see
the role of the Board of could be of the activities 7 on Trustees one serving this purpose. Another task and observers, both domestic backstopping support to and international service. An fact also that of international observation accepted experiences mixed. Some have worked well; others have been less than are teams There could thus be for evaluating and helping to perfect. a case improve electoral observation. The Commission wishes to raise this kind of for two reasons. concern One conceptual. International electoral cooperation should be basically a mutual concern. Another, that the Commission also wishes more practical motive the operational needs balance the present to emphasize long-term as a to trend to stress short-term electoral projects.
of operational needs Examples
Topics Collaborative Exploration
for
The role of the has been mentioned under the normative
a opposition
but has operational implications of advisory nature heading, an as well. be viable alternative to the sitting In principle an opposition must a should be able follow societal needs and government. consequently to tackles them, the study how the government implying an openness on of the administration and willingness to discuss major part sitting a issues across party lines to ascertain whether there common ground. The for its must develop its role responsible opposition part as a self-evident, but demonstrates alternative. This may seem experience much remains be done reinforce this of the electoral and that to to part democratic process.
and inference the b A generally accepted tenet that democracy by — . what happens the grass-roots electoral process basically about at -
level of society. Democracy must function on the local level, to be viable and sustainable process. This a fundamental requirement. a The demands often than there than practical are more not even greater at the national level. Arguably societies in transition towards some democracy should special emphasis decision-making and place on participation locally. What bodies are addressing this issue systematically How much attention and being directed resources are towards this of concern area
The role of the military also subject that societies wish
c a many to
penetrate and that institute could help in analyzing and for more an which could provide forum for discussing. a
d The situation of minorities and the issue of nationality and eligibility to vote likely to remain important question that needs to be studied an further.
Elements Electoral Observation and Monitoring
As has been said above, there have been different views regards
e
as to what extent an institute should involve itself in organizing international observer missions. This will have to be decided the institute comes as into being. What follows here a description of problems encountered in such missions and proposed model for observers, that has been a presented to the Commission: A problem in elections who makes statement how free many a on and fair the has been and whose behalf this kind of judgement process on passed. Sometimes individual observers in a make many group comments and give interviews, which might might not be consistent or with each other. Sometimes observers are required not to have any communication at all with the media; in such instances the final assessment be left to people bodies that have not been in may even or the country. The of the institute and its bodies
Secretary-General governing
could not and should not play the role of kind of international some arbiter. Besides other under its aegis, the institute could super groups by drawing its network appoint small Chief Observer Group of on a experienced and respected individuals say five for this delicate - overall task, chaired by eminent who would reach decision an person a together with the group and supported by it. These conclusions could be based on this Chief Observer Groups contacts with observers including those that the institute have in place, NGO’s and others may whose findings and opinions they might wish to seek in order to complement their observations in situ. The chair could normally own make any official statements on behalf of the expert and be solely group responsible for whatever the verdict might be, in much the same way as the bench in a court reaches its decision in its own right in a specific case, irrespective of who has made the appointment or the courts pays salaries. The role of the institute could in some instances be to establish such
of eminent and other observer and a team personalities groups to assure
1 that all those involved objective, well qualified and of high are and 2 that certain rules and adhered integrity, set guidelines are to.
this of the authority of the chief observa- Given preeminence personal
tion team, the institute could well also help to build local capacity very and through its people, by drawing its networks or competence own on
by brokering.
Some elections much international attention and observation. f attract . Others the do The that much in the majority not. ones are not so - — often merit much How this need be adequately limelights as support. can
met Are there demands for observation that still largely ignored are
the work done by of electoral observers yet
g Evaluating teams
another of that attention. What be type activity today receives scant can
What has functioned well, and why improved
One inference to be drawn from this brief list which could be much longer that different possible tasks for the institute are not so easy to from each other when to concrete action. Democratic separate comes electoral have reinforcing elements. Another and processes mutually
observation that much still remains to be done. very Many governments and organizations wish to mark their presence
their for electoral observation in elections that by fielding own teams follow Some discussants have they have special reasons to closely.
therefore drawn attention to the for practical coordination in the case field.
But has emerged from this overview, the Commissions opinion as that the and fundamental needs today in the field of major challenges
democracy and electoral do not include the issue of an processes abundance of observers in what short-term projects anyway. More are coordination should be achieved possible, but certainly other issues
should have The fundamental for institute has precedence. argument an
little bearing the proliferation question either way. on needs strongly and The international community to pull together to
act the window of opportunity that exists for furthering on now democratic and electoral The overriding need for farprocesses. a and adequate of implementing it. sighted strategy means
Concluding Remarks on Mandates and Tasks
In its consultations the Commission has established a need for an
institute and has identified number of other needs that could a the Commission has the issues and address. The more penetrated
with talks, the less has been able exclude of the proceeded its to some others. Hypothetically the challenges or to give higher priority to one or
other of task could be isolated, but when looking at the practical type has found that issues facing us all, the Commission difficulty in saying
only two aspects of them should be relevant and not others. one or Solutions will the board in and probably cut right across many cases have both normative, capacity-building and operational sides to them. The right balance between these tasks should be a task for the institutes Board and leadership and be influenced by experiences, demands and the activities of other bodies in the electoral field. Normative and operative activities each other. Much presuppose research in the social and political sciences participatory in some link between research and
sense. How the necessary and evaluation
operations best and systematically handled today and interaction with regard other should Complementarity to actors be vital principles for the institute to maintain. The Commissions plea for a mandate that sees beyond present short-term project requirements. A of this should be consequence a mandate that has windows and leaves some doors open. To box many in institute that should deal with what necessarily a fluid and an dynamic factor in development should be avoided. Democracy an ongoing movement. The institutes mandate should reflect process, a this.
UN and Other 6. The Role of the
Organizations
A number of organizations currently engaged in electoral large are assistance in different forms. Annex 1 indicates those with which the Commission has discussed outstanding needs and that have briefed the their activities. others should doubt have been Commission on Many no of the Commissions deliberations. The Commission would ideally part have sought broader contacts but had time constraints. even indebted the bodies and individuals The Commission deeply to has been in touch with for their observations and sound advice. many wealth of experience and professionalism Together they represent a that would merit an in-depth individual presentation. the format of this each Regrettably, report precludes doing justice to and every actor in the electoral field, especially as new developments about of emphasis and approaches. are constantly bringing changes One of the initial tasks of the institute could be to publish an many overview of what being undertaken already in the field of electoral
assistance. The Commissions mandate and immediate task was to ascertain whether these with electoral organizations already working support need for activities that vital but fall outside the scope of issues see a are that these players able to address. One of the Commissions concerns are whether could whatever needs there was also some existing body meet be the field without having entirely entity for might in to create an new the purpose. On both these the Commission received unequivocal and points an
unanimous reaction: Yes, there are needs summed up in a preceding
of this and the in the sphere of part report, yes, present major actors electoral assistance would welcome institute. In its suggestions for a an 5 of the Commission has taken
mandate cf. chapter this report many
from them and has been attentive to what they have defined as cues desirable. The United Nations, UN, significant in relation an especially actor electoral also. The Commission has been in close to cooperation communication with the Electoral Assistance Unit and UNDP in New York and the Centre for Human in Geneva various in Rights at stages its work. They have been helpful and have repeatedly welcomed very establishment of institute the UN’s efforts the a new as a complement to and factor relation the UN. as a potentially reinforcing in to The various have also expressed desire to collaborate organizations a with institute around different tasks that they as crucial. an see
The UN
Member states seek assistance from the UN essentially in four circumstances: when country undergoing transition to democracy; a a when build peaceful alternative conflict; following seeking to a to decolonization; and in self-determination elections. after the Electoral Assistance Unit EAU Very quickly its inception, of the UN launched ambitious and successful of electoral an programme observation and monitoring. Particularly taking into account its resource constraints and the flood of incoming requests for support received, the Unit must be deemed to be singularly successful. particularly that the has only managed the demands noteworthy Unit not many of numbers, but has also by developed placed on in terms step step referendum Malawi in mid-1993 the best its methodology. The in date of functioning coordination by the UN of example to many different actors and inputs. From its perspective the Centre for Human Rights in Geneva has moved forward the positions of the international conceptually also in electoral and has cooperated with the EAU community support and others field situations. in many The UNDP as a financer, through its resident representatives and through technical assistance has been able to further electoral observation projects and other elements of the electoral process. Notwithstanding these achievements, the UN has expressly welcomed the idea of creating institute, given the magnitude and a new ahead. stated its interest and complexity of the tasks has repeatedly with such particularly in the willingness to cooperate an institute, normative and capacity-building fields, where an institute would
complement the work of the UN.
Characteristics the the UN
scene apart from
The many other actors on the electoral scene have an individual emphasis that follows from their particular background.
Sometimes their chief focus geographic geopolitical. The regional or organizations in Europe such the CSCE and the Council of Europe are as illustrations of this; there corresponding entities elsewhere. are
In instances the role played by major actors defined by their some The Commonwealth Secretariat perhaps the best political identity. example of this. Its mandate naturally centred on the requirements and demands of the states that make the Commonwealth. The up Communities have similarly mandate that derives from EC European a priorities.
virtue of their background of the have By professional some actors a crucial role to play in part of electoral but see their one an process centred that, without the whole agenda specific task as on comprising of electoral cooperation. Elections Canada and International Foundation for Electoral Systems IFES of the USA in point; without t .eir are cases skill, dedication and the electoral field would be much professionalism but they have chosen to limit themselves to their special sphere poorer, of competence.
4. The contributions of American institutes particularly the Carter - Center, the National Democratic Institute NDI and the International Republican Institute IRI are global, professional and recognized as crucial in They pioneers in the field and have experience many cases. are that few other actors enjoy. However, they nationally based very are and are to some extent interpreted as linked to specific political interests. They share this characteristic with number of other actors, among a them parties and national parliaments. Sometimes this perceived national affiliation can be a strength, sometimes a disadvantage. Neutrality and make credible in where the impartiality are much easier to a context principals of body more balanced. a are
All actors today owned by single category of principal ony: are one governments, parties, NGO’s, parliaments. Most entities are from the or North. The need, stressed by of the Commissions contacts, to so many combine Various constituencies, geographic economic backgrounds and types of perspective, unmet today.
This brief doing justice the analysis — although in no way to combined, substantial know—how and efforts in the electoral field and even less to individual actors can serve to highlight a few points. —
illustrates all the welcome institute that a. why present actors an could the that the other players for individually cover ground varying reasons cannot or will not enter.
b. Mandates and perspectives differ for individually well-founded many there need for comprehensive mandate. reasons, so a a more
A large number of the present actors define their mandate and tasks c. in the light of acute demands and in project terms. This often a conscious priority evolving from their having other primary tasks. thus conclude that they would benefit from the services of They a long-term oriented institute. more
A link to the UN
The field of electoral assistance fluid and dynamic. Responses and should therefore be flexible. The UN has demonstrated its approaches in this has been ability to adapt creatively to new challenges area, as indicated. However, despite these creative initiatives and documented prothe facing the UN and other daunting. The gress, challenges actors are UN, in particular, with its global mandate and responsibility feels the combined of short-term and demands. Not the pressure long-term even UN can hope to provide in—depth electoral support in every situation where there acute need and simultaneously reinforce the process an from election election. such ambition would be to Perhaps an even The role of the UN could be strategic in the counterproductive. a one, as of the recent referendum in Malawi, drawing on resources from case different quarters, also for more forward-looking and process—oriented efforts. The work must be done at several levels. The UN should be able to mobilize and direct efforts by others in where feels that this areas would benefit the task at hand. - At the outset of its work the Commission had as one of its hypotheses that there possibly too actors involved on the electoral scene. were many This assumption has proved to be wrong. Whereas a proliferation of observers manifest in perhaps ten to twenty key elections annually, there dearth of and actors overall and patently a resources an enormous unmet need when comes to the electoral as process a whole. Many of the Commissions contacts have stressed the desirability of a subtle link to the UN to be able to work closely with the UN and guarantee complementarity. The unanimous opinion the Commission has encountered this issue that the institute should be formally free on in relation to the UN and be financed outside the UN context but nevertheless have conceptual and operational relationship. a How such a link could be crafted, must await the creation of the institute. Representatives of the UN have kindly supported the work of the Commission and the idea of establishing an institute. An institution with agreed mandate and statutes must more or less have come into an being, before the UN be formally approached the relationship. can on The Commission suggests possibility that the link could take the as a shape of the of the personal
Secretary-General
UN appointing a representative on the Board of Trustees and the Board presenting its annual report to the Secretary-General.
7. Statutes
Political and be safeguarded in the statutes neutrality integrity must and the of the electoral institute. There should be checks and functioning that the institute and be This balances to ensure impartial seen to so. that fair assured. implies i.a. a globally based representation A special issue the need to create a principal for the institute. derives its mandate from national Normally an organization a intergovernmental body specific NGO or government, an or some NGO’s. In this the institute would not be dependent on any one case other this follows from the need for freedom of government or agent; action and for non-partisan decision-making. The Commission thus that Board of Trustees be created proposes a to act the principal of the institute. as The institute suggested comprising the governing structure as following:
1. A Board of Trustees 2. An Executive Committee
have its operational
The institute should a Secretary-General as
head.
Board of Trustees
The Board of Trustees would be the guardian of the statutes and have of its tasks make in the mandate and overall direction as one to changes of the institute’s work, and when the Board deems such modifications as to be necessary. Another of the Board should be establish the major responsibility to
annual of the institute. The financial framework and directives budget of funds would decisions by the Board of
on the use require specific
Trustees, which would appoint external auditor for the institute. an However, the Commissions view that the Board should restrict itself to the main elements of the budget, delegating executive decisions and
details to those responsible for the policies and guidelines for the
of the institute. This consideration only based operations a not on
The institute’s impartiality could conceivably principles of subsidiarity. be imposed by the Board in effect regulated jeopardized, constraints what the institute’s practical decisions would be in a specific situation.
The Board of Trustees would exercise control the institute not over least by appointing its Executive Committee and Director. Establishing shortlist of candidates would doubt be exacting task
a possible no an
the assistance of also outside the Board of Trustees. requiring persons The Commission merit in the Board drawing network of wellsees on a
connected senior personalities with varyingbackgrounds. As a resource
this network could be consulted for not least in group many purposes,
connection with the appointment of qualified leadership for the insti-
tute. Such advisory panel should be informal but could play an an role by reinforcing the expertise of the Board of Trustees. As important advisors influential worldwide could help both
people to ensure a broad of staff and generally facilitate the geographically recruitment
institute’s and the Boards work.
Composition
The Board of Trustees should comprise three categories of interests. One would be the financiers, another by with
represented by persons different backgrounds, reflecting balanced geographical and professional
third should be individuals with their base in
backgrounds, and a
international bodies and the UN. This latter could comprise group e.g.
parliamentarian and parliamentary bodies, NGO’s, regional
organizations and institutions with international share of activity an close relevant that of the institute. to or to
Size and Right to Representation
The Commission has given much thought to the question of numbers. The Board of should be the
Trustees not unmanageably large. Yet at
time, there advantage in having financiers the same an many — institute’s freedom and integrity would be greater that and the way, economic burden each contributing government body would be on or less. As the size of the financing influences that of the others, a group of the of the financiers’
point departure inevitably composition
group. The Commission is, however, not in position to define exactly what a be. all financing bodies
an optimal size of the group should Presumably
would wish to be represented and should be so. The chair of the Board should be elected by the Board of Trustees for limited perhaps five The incumbent should be recruited a period, years. on a worldwide basis.
Work the Board
As the Board of Trustees would not be involved in the operational activities and decisions of the institute, should normally meet once a in plenary. year The annual board meeting could be combined with a symposium or conference related the general of the institute. The on a topic to scope Commission has perceived interest in and need for some periodic an a event of this kind, where researchers, jurists, electoral technicians, and decision-makers could exchange views and parliamentarians Indeed, such exercise well in its right experiences. a recurrent may own become of the prominent of the institute’s undertakings. one more
II. The Executive Committee
The Board of Trustees should appoint Executive Committee and a an the institute.
Secretary-General to run
The Committee should consist of about ten members, including the Secretary-General. the Committee suggested to be individual Appointments to are on an basis and limited, renewable mandate. The should apply to the a same Secretary-General. The terms of tenure should be staggered, not more than half the Committee being for renewal at a time, in order to up safeguard continuity. The Committee lead and direct the institute’s expected to opera- This would of the Committee that adequately tions. require a composition reflects the various facets of the institute’s work. Thus the Committee should expertise of different kinds: legal skills, electoral comprise techniques and methodology, relevant research fields, information technology, training and capacity-building, political science, economy, administration and other that important for the institute’s areas are work. The basis for selection should be competence and proven
experience. Incumbents should be soughfoworld-wide but with a view
geographical balance far possible. to striking an acceptable as as The Committee three four times details of might convene or a year; its methods should be the Committee itself to decide. working up to The total of the Committee should be ofthe guiding competence one member of the Committee. would be principles for selection as that crucial of expertise not absent important to ensure some area was in the Committee. should also be for the of The Committee responsible maintenance intemationally recognized budgetary and other administrative routines.
III. The Status of the Institute
The proposed institute would bring together in the same body governments, NGO’s, parliaments and international agencies as equal The Commission that the institute therefore be partners. proposes established foundation have similar status, depending on the as a or in the where the institute sited, that could legislation country cover a between international organizations and cooperation governments, parliaments. Parallels in other fields demonstrate that legal arrangements can be made with host exemptions from domestic fiscal governments to secure and other regulations when necessary and that such special often required. This for understandings are not area a matter negotiation with host country government and only be tackled, a can when firm suggestions for a seat have been tabled. This whole area must be when establishing the institute. a subject for negotiation
Advisory Panel and Contact Groups
Apart from this formal structure the Commission sees advantage in the institute’s having access to a network of personalities who could proffer advice specific issues and assist in head hunting for senior posts and on missions. Such an advisory panel would be outside the structure of the institute but could nevertheless reinforce and broaden the institute’s decision-making capacity. The Commission has also met suggestions from quarters in the - a. Netherlands and Kenya that national committees, support - groups or societies of friends of the institute could provide with points of contact and This idea appealing, but such should be inputs. any groups external to the formal decision-making structure. In some countries there might be strong for national groups, in others not; national a case contact should be an option to consider but should be voluntary. groups
and Guidelines
Organizational Principles
Three main of tasks have been proposed above for the institute. areas A firm for the institute follows from later organizational structure decisions on the mandate. At this stage the Commission mits itself to suggestions regarding principles and some practicalities.
Organizational principles
The following few of the considerations that might be useful as are a guidelines for the institute in organizational terms.
There could be advantages for the institute in having system based a mainly networks of various kinds. Much of the initial work to be done on would then be in and these networks. establishing maintaining I On the normative side important linkages would be with and between research institutions worldwide and the institute.
I Capacity-building would imply making a resource inventory internationally resembling that established by Norway nationally Nordem, and creating formalized cooperation between more training and briefing institutions and bodies in way or another one engaged in reinforcing competence in the different elements of the electoral in wide process a sense.
I An especially significant network should comprise national groups,
as indicated earlier. Their needs should be met, and they should be in position to influence the institute’s and other actors’ agenda. a
I Electoral assistance would necessitate the setting of rosters of up experts in different fields and working i.a. with parliamentarians.
These networks should be actively maintained. This going means well beyond documenting letterbox exercise. The networking a or and bodies should be able to interact with another and with groups one the institute. This could be brought about i.a. through meetings, conferences and publications with considerable inputs from the participating organizations.
National support friends of the institute could be groups or encouraged wherever there domestic interest to have them. Such a could focal point nationally for the institute and could groups serve as a bring together various domestic actors who might otherwise have less possibility of interacting and cooperating. This possible catalytic effect of the institute a function that could potentially be as important as much of its direct action.
The other side of the networking coin that the institute should cultivate and emphasize its position facilitator and analytical as a This places two demands the institute organization. resource. on as an
should be able draw know-how external
a
to on to in specific areas and apply its own capacity strategically to the overall scene. As Samuel Johnson remarked: Knowledge of two kinds. Either know the know where to find them. A part of the you answers or you institute’s knowledge should be of the second kind coupled with a special competence related to the needs and dynamics of the electoral in its broad process sense.
b Through its data bank the institute would also be able to supply many concrete answers. should serve as a central agent for information and analytical capacity. However, this role the just presupposes one mentioned an overview coupled with a willingness to employ the services of, for instance, centres of learning to assist in consultancy a capacity. The institute should be responsible for the analyses and overviews produces on the basis of its data, but some of the actual compilation and study could probably be farmed out. Whenever feasible such approach should be adopted. an
A of this approach that the institute’s staff could be consequence limited in number. Specialists in various fields would be available externally. The institute could emphasize problem identification and definition and an understanding of the comparative advantages of different bodies and actors worldwide in providing solutions in given situations.
of its the institute should have special task to By virtue structure a combine actors with varying constituencies their own terms. This
on
clear of facilitating such cooperation in field
implies a policy e opera-
tions, conferences and studies. Institute staff sometimes, through
may
their work, be in touch with category of actor than with
more one
Also, the internal working the institute should
another. procedures at take this into account and create balance in the overall organizational
a culture.
Whatever adopted by the institute, there organizational structure
should be built—in close contact between different activities. As has a been indicated earlier, in actual the borderlines between tasks
practice often arbitrary. Different of the institute are ambiguous, even parts
would often have draw each other’s skills and networks.
probably to on
There should be both formal and informal ties to secure this collaboration.
Some practical suggestions
At this would be to draw exact of the
stage premature an organogram
institute. However, based the previous chapters, suggestion could
on a
be the following:
Adm. SECR. GEN Info. __
I I
Capacity International
Normative
building Electoral
and Research
Consultancy Cooperation
A few practical points also be raised:
can
Information in various forms will predictably be major practical
a. a work—load for the institute. There should be continuous flow of a
information in and between the networks. Both request and on its
on the institute will be and
own initiative supplying governments
organizations with material and studies. Briefings should constitute an
integral part of what the institute will be expected to deliver. In its
formative the institute will also have to make its mandate and years
plans known.
Some of this work of should be the
- a more general nature of the Secretary—General’s office. Most of would, responsibility
however, be and indeed
organically linked to the institute’s activities
often be important element of its output. an In the latter instances the staff involved should provide the substance and of the information of its tasks. But see production as one as other fields should have the and backing of specialists in they support information techniques and communication. professionals in The institute should have its nucleus of such competence, given own the role that information be expected have. providing can to
b. The work of each department of the institute should regularly plan what time and would require from other departments, specify inputs in consultation with those units. Budgets should regularly include such non-financial needs.
c. Electoral cooperation field operations can demonstrably edge out - normative work, unless checked by priorities and policy constraints. more that the institute’s leadership be attentive to this possible important risk and the and that individual through budget supervision ensure no of the institute’s operations in unforeseen The part grows an way. Commission has encountered few misgivings this particular issue a on the institute’s will be of the but anticipates that leadership aware and will utilize the instruments of control and possible problem management that has at its disposal. Sometimes tensions in organizations arise from the fact that outside demand for that than pressures create a operational activities greater the organizations own wish to carry out other activities, e. long-term normative action. This be countered by creating an external or can for such work, for instance in the form of an advisory pressure group of who have such activities at heart and be expected group experts can for them. to push As indicated earlier, the different sides of the institute’s activities also each other and to some extent be mutually presuppose can reinforcing.
d. Staff should be employed in stages, rather than incumbents sought for all the established posts at once. A staggered recruitment could provide for greater leeway in finding persons that complement each other.
and
Budget Organization
This chapter outlines a tentative budget for the establishment of the
Institute and the first three of operations. years As stated in chapter 8 on organizational principles, at this stage premature to draw an exact of the Institute. Nevertheless organogram and possible to calculate preliminary costs. necessary The Commission estimates that staff of about thirty in all should be a a feasible target, provided that the institute draws external on resources on an ad hoc basis to complement its own capacity. The first three years of operations should be characterized by an organic growth of the Institute. Staff should be employed in stages, rather than all at In order to simplify the picture, take three once. we year as the point of departure when sketching the preliminary budget. should be understood that this rough outline, due to the fact that the a details of the growth and the administrative structure must be process subject to decisions by the Institute itself and its Board of Trustees. The costs will be treated under three different headings: A Salaries and Related Costs; B Office Rent, Furniture and Maintenance, and C Direct Programme Costs.
A Salaries and related costs
1. Outline of staffing plan
To enable the creation of a preliminary budget expressing the costs of establishing and running the Institute, a number of assumptions regarding the Institute’s staffing will be made in the following. should be underlined that the personnel establishment meant to reflect the Institute’s situation in the third year.
The Secretary-Genera1’s office could, apart from the Secretary- General him her self, be manned by i.a. one clerk, a senior administrator, communications expert and senior secretary. a a The departrnents for normative work, capacity building and electoral could each consist of Head of four
cooperation a one Department, b senior officers experts, c two junior officers and d two secretaries.
The figures mentioned in the following are comprehensively displayed in table no The text below explains the preliminary budget figures in table no
2. Salaries and related costs
As points of reference for salary estimates, the Commission has used three international organizations. These the International Union
are a
for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN a semigovernmental organization based in Geneva, b the International Institute for Environment and Development IIED an international NGO based in London and, the Mekong Secretariat, regional
c a
intergovernmental organization. Professional staff should be recruited international basis. on an Others should be employed locally. The personnel costs will naturally depend on where the Institute will be sited. The following an approximation arrived at by amalgamating and weighting salaries and related costs from the three different bodies mentioned above. The figures, should be emphasized, cover total for post, i.e. medical care, expenses a social costs, etc than the incumbents actual salary. - more
Allfigures in USD
| Personnel | Year 3 | |
| 1 Secretary General: | 100,000 | |
| 12 Senior officersexperts: | 950,000 | |
| 1 Communications | expert: | 70,000 |
| 1 Senior administrator | officers: | 290,000 |
| 1 Clerk: | 40,000 | |
| 4 Senior secretaries: | 160,000 | |
| 3 Mid level secretaries: | 90,000 | |
| Total cost for staff | 3. | 1,760,000 |
year
The Commission has also made an estimation of these salary costs based available UN standards. That approximation turned out to be
on
almost USD million higher than the figure above. The Commission
one
has preferred the lower figures.
to use
However, bearing in mind the Institute’s proposed link to the UN and the importance of being able to recruit truly competent staff, the Commission possible need to recruit staff UN terms. The
can see a on
issue of salaries will be question for the Board of Trustees. There
a
should thus be for somewhat higher figure than the a preparedness a quoted above. one
3. Fees and related costs, non-permanent staff
Funds must be available for the Executive Committees fees and travel As described in chapter Statutes, the Executive Committee expenses. should consist of about ten members and meet about four times a year. The cost for this could be estimated at USD 200,000 annually. Funds must also be available for the Annual Meeting of the Board of outlined could be combined with Trustees, which as in chapter an international conference, hence the of organizing symposium or cost the Annual Meeting could amount to USD 200,000. In the Commission the creation of network of chapter suggests a senior be connected the Board of Trustees sort of personalities to to as a advisory panel. Travel expenses and fees for such an advisory panel could be estimated at USD 100,000. The Institute must have budget for fees to consultants and for a temporary assistance of not directly related to specific projects or i.a. administrative organizational work during the programmes, or formative period of the Institute. A sum of USD 200,000 an estimate for three. year
4. Travel and communication costs
The Institute’s international character indicates relatively high costs for travel, telecommunications, postage etc. The based the that the figures for travel costs are on assumption staff of will make four professional 18 persons on an average intercontinental annually, and regional trips each. joumeys two
Year 3
Travel expenses 500,000 Telecommunications, postage etc: 70,000
Total estimated cost for travel and communication, year three: 570,000
B Office rent, maintenance, furniture and equipment
Recurrent costs
The estimated cost for rent of office space in a major capital USD 10,000 USD 300,000 three. per employee, which sums up to approximately year The budget for general maintenance and normal office upkeep
approximated at USD 40,000 three. year The annual budget for replacement of equipment estimated at USD 40,000.
Initial costs
The initial cost for office furniture and equipment estimated at USD 10,000 employee, plus round of USD 100,000 for equipment per a sum and furniture not related to individual employees. This amounts to a total investment cost of USD 400,000. This investment could, for the sake of be divided equally the first three which in simplicity over years, round leads estimated annual investment of USD figures to an cost 140,000 during the first three years.
C Direct costs programme
The Institute’s will depend the level of programme-related costs on activities that the Institute in, which issue to be discussed engages an and decided by, the Board of Trustees. among, Below follows estimate of the costs directly related to an programme activities.
1. Establishing and maintaining a data bank
The setting and maintenance of the proposed data bank would be a up part of the Institute’s day-to-day activities. The basic cost for personnel reflected in the personnel budget. Costs for the systematic acquisition, processing and distribution of information are estimated at USD 100.000, three. The Commission has consulted organizations with similar year activities. The cost of running data bank depends the extent can a on draw information in other existing data banks and data bases. The on here that of the information figure quoted presupposes some necessary be compiled from diversity of existing and that some have can a sources to be created from scratch. the need for manual data collection proves to be extensive, the cost for the data bank will increase. This must be studied in detail before concrete decisions have to be taken more regarding the data bank.
2. Academic and professional networks
The Institute’s support to external academic work, linking of academic and professional institutions organizations in global networks and commission of analytical work, would require a budget of USD 500,000 for year three.
3. international seminars and workshops: Organizing
The cost of seminar workshop, with fifty international organizing a participants would depend geographical location and the number of on participants covering their own travel expenses. A cost estimation lies between USD 125,000 and 200,000 seminar. The Institute could be per expected to organize two such meetings three, and one minor year meeting approximated total annual cost of USD 450,000. - at an
4. Organizing training and courses
The Institute will in the organization of courses and training engage i.a. national electoral committees and the programmes to strengthen civil society. A of USD 600,000 estimated figure for three. sum an year
5. Information and Publications
The Institute will need to undertake extensive information activities such i.a. and distribution of newsletters, yearbooks and as production participation in conferences. An estimated budget for external information amounts to USD 200,000, three. year
Electoral cooperation activities
As stated in chapter consistent, coherent and broad approach to the a issue of electoral cooperation and the practical challenges outlined
there, a need to be met by the Institute. Long-termflprojects over
several could be element of the Institute’s
years an important
undertakings. The Commission recommends that the Institute should have a budgetary preparedness to participate in and to undertake electoral cooperation activities. The cost for electoral cooperation activities during three approximated at USD 1,000,000. year
The total cost of estalishing and running the institute
‘ By summing all the costs accounted for in this chapter, shown in up as table ends with grand total of USD 6,400,000 as a no one up a ‘- preliminary figure reflecting the possible cost of running the Institute during the third year of operations. In order to make rough estimate of the total cost of setting the a up Institute, and the first three of activities, the costs for the first two years must be added to the of USD 6.400.000. To make approxiyears sum an mation of the costs for the first two suggest, for the sake of years we simplicity, and bearing in mind that the Institute to gradually, grow that the cost for the first two years regarded as equal to the cost of year
three, meaning that the cost for the first two could be estimated at
years USD 6,400,000. The division between one and two could, year year
mind the gradual growth of the Institute, be again bearing in
USD 2,200,000 and USD 4,200,000
approximated at year one, year two. This exercise leads us to a round sum of USD 12,800,000, reflecting the probable cost of setting the Institute and the first three of
up years
operations.
Table No 1
Cost estimations in USD Year 3
A Salaries and related costs
| 1. Staff | 1,760,000 | |
| 2. Fees and related costs, non-permanent | staff | |
| Executive Committee | 200,000 | |
| Consultants | 200,000 | |
| Annual Meeting | 200,000 | |
| Advisory Council | 100,000 | 700,000 |
3. Travel and communication Travel 300,000
expenses
Telecommunications, etc. 70,000 570,000
B Office rent, maintenance, furniture and equipment
Recurrent
| Office rent | 300,000 |
| General maintenance | 40,000 |
| Replacement | 40,000 |
Initial annually during a three-year period Furniture and equipment 140,000 520,000
C Direct costs
programme
Data bank 100,000
Academic and prefessional networks 500,000
International seminars and workshops 450,000 Training and courses 600,000 Information and publicationes 200,000 Electoral cooperation 1,000,000
Total estimated 3
year
cost 6,400,000
Assuming gradual growth of the Institute, the cost for the first year
a could be estimated at USD 2,200,000, the cost for the second year USD 4,200,000, and as shown above the cost for the third year estimated at USD 6,400,000. This gives total estimated cost for the first three a years of USD 12,800,000.
10. The Further Process
the institute into being, will develop and change in comes response to demands placed it. The only phase that should be defined at the on outset the general thrust and the priorities of the first few formative On the other hand these initial steps are crucial for the character years. of the organization. The Commission therefore sees a need to outline in broad terms how the first period of the institutes establishment. sees The Commission recommends that the Swedish Government should issue invitations to exploratory meeting the of which would an purpose be to take the initiative a step further in a more formal manner. Invitations should be addressed to bodies that have indicated a willingness to discuss the matter further when approached by the Commission in its rounds of Consultation. The understanding should be that the bodies participating in the meeting would be prepared to make a formal commitment, reasonably satisfied with the outcome. To a considerable extent the meeting could probably be expected to take the form of negotiations on the central issues relating to the institute the meeting should the need - agree on for body of kind such the mandate and tasks, statutes, a new some - as and budget. organization
Interim Board
The meeting should result document that could form the in a negotiated basis for setting interim board for the institute assuming the up an - as Commission has to believe, that there support for institute. reason an The interim board should be vested with authority by the sponsors of the institute to work out in detail the institute’s statutes, mandate, organization, etc. and to begin recruiting key staff.
Staffing
The interim board should give high priority to recruiting the institute’s work.
Secretary-General early
in its The full staff of the institute should be recruited in stages. personnel acquired the basis of experienced generally preferable, are on needs far possible, and with view to complementing officers as as a already in the best of plans foresee all requirements place. Not even can and less the particular competence and profile that a recruitee even brings to the job. recruitments could, from obvious administrative Early apart some be key for the data bank, and people, personnel responsible surveys analyses. A vital for recruitment at the outset would also be staff to work area guidelines and rules. on norms,
Annex 1
Acknowledgements
The Commission wishes to its profound gratitude to great express a number of governments, parliamentarians, representatives of various international, regional and national organisations and to many experts and individuals, who have kindly given the Commission ample time, suggestions, ideas and comments. The following list includes some, maybe most, of these contact points. They listed in categories. At the government level some talks are have been with cabinet ministers, with diplomats and other some officials. Government contacts at Various levels are recorded by the name of the country.. In the case of other categories some names are listed but with the knowledge that, unfortunately, be omitted. many may Please rest assured, however, that the Commission grateful to all, mentioned or not. In Sweden the Commission has worked with a secretariat and an Advisory Group. The Advisory Group has consisted of Mr. Axel Andersson, MP, Mr. Karl-Göran Biörsmark, MP, Professor Axel Hadenius, Mr. Thomas Hammarberg, former of
Secretary-General
Amnesty International and the Swedish Save the Children, Mr. Jan Hult, electoral Mr. Gerald Nagler, former of
expert, Secretary-General
Helsinki Watch, Ms. Annika Söder, Counsellor at the Ministry for
Foreign Affairs and Mr. Christian Åhlund, Lawyer and advisor on
human rights issues. The Secretariat has been formed by Ambassador Bengt Säve-Söderbergh, Chairman, Ambassador Lars-Olof Edström, First Örnéus and Mari Schmidt, Senior Clerical Secretary Per Ms. Ann Officer.
Governments
In various forms the Commission has had the privilege to consult with representatives of some sixty Governments. They are listed here in alphabetical order: Algeria, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania,
Annex 1
Thailand, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States of America,
Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Commission has visited number of the countries listed above, a to meet with government representatives. In other cases representatives have visited Stockholm to discuss with the Commission. The Commishas also had the of seminars and
sion privilege participating in
conferences and officials. In
arranged by governments government
of this the Commission would like to thank the governments of respect Austria, Canada, Germany, Namibia and Venezuela.
International and regional organizations
African Development Bank Mr Babacar N Diaye, President Mr Gedamu, Vice President
Tekalign
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development Mr Abdlatif A1-Hamad, Chairman of the Board
Asian Development Bank Mr Kimimasa Tarumizu, President
Mr Peter McCawly, Executive Director, Australia
The Commission of the European Community Mr Peter Pooley, Director-General, DG VIII Mr Dieter Frisch, Ex Director-General, DG VIII
Mr Ed Kronenburg, Director
Mr Hans Smida, Director, DG VIII Mr Denis Corboy, Political Advisor
The Commonwealth Secretariat
Emeka Anyaoku,
Chief Secretary-General Mr Anthony Siaguru, Dep. Secretary-General
Mr Max Gaylard, Director
Council of Europe
Mr John Hartland, Counsellor, Strasbourg
Conference Security and Cooperation in Europe, CSCE on Mr Luchino Cortese, Director, ODIHR, Warsaw Mr Jack Zetkulic, Deputy Director, ODIHR, Warsaw Mr Pentti Väänänen, Deputy Director, Secretariat of CSCE
Parliamentary Assembly, Copenhagen
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Mr Anders Ljung, Vice President for Finance
Ms Sylvia Jay, Director of the Political Department
Annex 1 The European Parliament
Mr André Chairman, the Development Committee, Brussels Saby, Mr Brian Rose, Counsellor, Luxemburg
International Monetary Fund, IMF Mr Michel Camdessus, Managing Director
Inter-American Development Bank
Mr Enrique V. Iglesias, President
Dr Louis Emmerij, Advisor to the President
International Commission of Jurists Mr Adama Dieng,
Secretary-General
Inter-Parliamentary Union Pierre Cornillon,
Mr Secretary-General
Anders
Mr Jonsson, Deputy Secretary-General
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Development Assistance Committee, OECDDAC Mr Alexander Love, President
M. Makota Tiniguchi, Deputy
Secretary-General
Organization of African Unity OAU Salim Ahmed Salim,
Mr Secretary-General
Mr Etulo Mpwotsh Ngung, Director
Parlimentarians for Global Action
Ms Silvia Hernandez, International President Hon. Mr Walter McLean, Chair, International Council Mr Julio Camino, Vice Chair, International Council Sir David Steel, International Council
Mr Kennedy Graham,
Secretary-General
Society for International Development Mr Maurice Williams, President
The World Bank Mr Sven Sandström, Deputy President Mr Edward Iaycox, Senior Vice President Mr Alex Shakow, Senior Vice President
Mr Sarwar Lateef, Chief, Operations Policy Department
Organizations in the electoral field
International Foundation for Electoral Systems, IFES, USA Mr i Richard Soudriette, Director Mr Jeff Fischer, Deputy Director
Annex 1
National Democratic Institute NDI, Washington, USA
Mr Kenneth Wollack, President
Mr Larry Garber, Senior Associate
Mr Ned Mc Mahon, Senior Officer
International Republican Institute IRI Washington, USA
Ms Meg Thompson, Vice President
Ms Mary Coughlin
Ms Julie Heitz
The Carter Center, USA Mr Stevens P. Tucker
Mr Richard Joseph Ms Dayle Spencer
Mr Robert Pastor
Elections Canada
Mr Kingsley, Chief Electoral Officer Jean-Pierre
Mr Ron Gould, Ass. Chief Executive Officer
Australian Electoral Commission Mr Brian Cox
Institute for General Election, Indonesia Mr Azhar Zainal
Electoral Reform Society, United Kingdom
Mr Michael Meadowcroft, Chairman
United nations
UN Centre for Human Rights, Geneva
Mr Ibrahima Fall, Under
Secretary-General
Mr Antoine Blanca, Director-General
Mr Thomas McCarthy, Counsellor
Mr Craig Mukhiber
UN Electoral Assistance Unit, New York Dr Horacio Boneo, Director, UNEAU
UNDP
Mr Gustave Speth, Administrator
Mr William Draper, Ex Administrator
Mr Mahubub ul Haq, Special Advisor Mr Timothy Rothermel, Director Mr Gus Edgren, Ass. Administrator Mr Hugh Cholmondeley, Chief Officer
Annex 1 Individuals Ms Maria-Goretti Agaleoue Adoua, MP, Burkina Faso Mr Martti Ahtisaari, United Nations, Geneva Mr Amakoe Toto Ajavon, MP, Togo Mr Jorge Alcocer, MP, Mexico Mr Jose Maria Soria Arch, MP, Argentina Mr Oscar Arias, former President of Costa Rica Ms Pheobe Muga Asiyo, MP, Kenya
Dr Yusuf Bangura, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva Professor Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University, New York, USA Dr Richard E. Bissell, Overseas Development Council, USA Reverend Allan Boesak, South Africa Hon. Mr Ed Broadbent, President, the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, Canada Hon. Mr Donald Buchanan, MP, Jamaica
Mr Eduardo Calmell del Solar, MP, Peru Mr David Campos, Mexico Ms Nicole Catala, MP, France Mr Victor Moreno Catena, Under-Secretary, Ministry of the Interior, Spain Mr Pedro Cateriano, MP, Peru Mr Richard Cazenave, MP, France Mr Juan Octavio Ceballos, MP, the Dominican Republic Reverend Frank Chikane, General Secretary, South African Council of Churches Mr Erskine Childers, former UN official, New York Mr Valdir Colatto, MP, Brazil Mr Barber B. Conable, former President of the World Bank, USA Mr Stoney Cooks, Director, African-American Institute, USA
Ms Maja Daruwala, the Ford Foundation, India Mr Basil Davidson, United Kingdom Professor Emmanuel Decaux, Université de Paris, France Mr Luc Dhoore, MP, Belgium Mr Milagros Diaz, MP, the Dominican Republic Mr Robert Dossou, MP, Benin Dr Ronald Dreyer, Switzerland Professor Krzysztof Drzewicki, University of Gdansk, Poland Ms Peggy Dulaney, Synergos Institute, USA Mr Carlos Gonzalez Duran, MP, Mexico
Mr Rawle C. Eastrnond, MP, Barbados Mr Tyrore Estwick, MP, Barbados
Mr German Ferres, MP, Venezuela Mr Joseph Fignole Jean Louis, MP, Haiti
Annex 1
Mr Mario Boyd Galindo, MP, Panama
Ms Ana Lucina Garcia, MP, Venezuela Laurent MP, Cote dIvoire
Mr Gbagbo,
Professor Konrad Ginther, University of Graz, Austria Ms Grace Githu, lawyer, former Chair, National Election Monitoring Unit, Kenya Mr Eudoro González, MP, Venezuela Mr Branislav Gosovic, Ex. Director, South Centre, Switzerland Mr John W. Graham, Organization of American States, OAS Ms Elisabeth Grotschmann, MP, Germany Mr Gary Guiteau, MP, Haiti
Mr Michel Hansenne, Director-General, ILO Dr Graham Hassall, University of Melbourne, Australia Dr Ingomar Hauchler, MP, Germany Ms Wakako Hironaka, MP, Japan
Professor Ryokichi Hirono, Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan
Dr Uwe Holz, MP, Germany Mr Bernando Horande, MP, Venezuela Mr Dudley Horner, Deputy Director, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Professor Göran Hydén, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
Professor Kuniko Inoguchi, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
Mr Jose Rodriguez Iturbe, MP, Venezuela
Dr Peter Jankowitsch, MP, Austria Mr Idriss Jazairy, former President, International Fund for Agricultural
Development
Hon. Mr Anthony Johnson, MP, Jamaica
Lord Frank Judd, MP, United Kingdom
Mr Lamin Juwara, MP, Gambia Mr Janis Jürkans, Latvian Support Foundation, Latvia
Ms Maria Kamm, MP, Tanzania Ms Hounda Kanoun, MP, Tunisia Ms Chalufaya Kapwepe, MP, Zambia H.E. Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, former UNHCR, Switzerland Dr Malamine Kourouma, Secretary General,
Comité Africain pour Droit et Développement, Senegal
Ms Manae Kubota, MP, Japan
Dr Carol Lancaster, Director, Georgetown University, Washington,
D.C. USA Mr Kango Lare-Lantone, MP, Togo Mr Paul LaRose-Edwards, Canada
Mr Neville Linton, former Commonwealth Secretariat, United Kingdom
Mr Francois Loeb, MP, Switzerland
Annex 1
Mr Juan Carlos Maqueda, MP, Argentina
Mr Hector Perez Marcano, MP, Venezuela Mr Jose Antonio Martinez, MP, Venezuela Mr Melkert, MP, Netherlands Mr Moacir Micheletto, MP, Brazil
Mr ]ean—Claude Mignon, MP, France
Mr Ricardo Monreal, MP, Mexico Mr Lesedie Mothibamele, MP, Botswana
Professor Leopold Mureithi, Development Bank of Southern Africa,
South Africa Mr Bennie Mwiinga, MP, Zambia
Mr Lourdes Flores Nano, MP, Peru Dr Beyers Naudé, former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches, South Africa
Mr Winright Ken Ngondo, MP, Zambia
Ms Prisca Nyambe, Vice—chair, Zambian Association of Lawyers
General Olusegun Obasanjo, former President, Nigeria Mr Luis Enrique Oberto, MP, Venezuela Ms Karen Olsen Beck de Figueres, MP, Costa Rica Ms Maureen ONeil, President, the North South Institute, Canada Mr Pedro Antonio Angel Orellana, Director, Supreme Electoral Tribunal, El Salvador Mr Alexis Ortiz, MP, Venezuela Ms Rhona Ottolina, MP, Venezuela
Mr Paciano Padron, MP, Venezuela Professor Norman D. Palmer, University of Pennsylvania, USA Mr I.G. Patel, former Dep. Administrator UNDP, India Mr Isidro Morales Paul, President, Supreme Electoral Council, Venezuela Mr Telesforo Pedraza, MP, Colombia Dr Tanja Petovar, Norwegian Institute of Human Rights Mr Manuel Pinto, MP, Uganda
Mr Alan Philips, Chair Minority Rights Group, United Kingdom
Mr Manuel Carrillo Poblano, Director, International Affairs, Federal Electoral Institute, Mexico
Mr Cyril Ramaphosa, Secretary General, ANC, South Africa
Sir Shridath S Ramphal, former Secretary General, the Commonwealth Secretariat, United Kingdom Hon. Selwyn Richardson, former Attorney General and Minister of National Security, Trinidad and Tobago Mr Juan Ignacio Garcia Rodriguez, Director, Electoral Service, Chile
Mr Saihou Sabally, MP, Gambia
Dr Nafis Sadik, Executive Director, USG, UNFPA, USA Mr Marco Antonio Gonzalez Salazar, MP, Costa Rica
Annex 1 Mr Marco Ameglio Samudio, MP, Panama Ms Maria Therese Sandwidi, MP, Burkina Faso Mr Pierre Sané, International, United
Secretary-General Amnesty
Kingdom Ms Marie-Angelique Savané, Regional Advisor, UNFPA, Senegal Mr Peter Schideder, MP, Austria Mr Dieter Schloten, MP, Germany Mr Jan Nico Scholten, President, Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid Professor Victor Sergeyev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Mr John W. Sewell, President, Overseas Development Council, USA Mr Maurice Strong, Canada, former Secretary General, UNCED, Mr Yasuo Suzuki, Senior Editor, The Yomiuri Shimbun, Tokyo
Mr Mbemba Tambedu, MP, Gambia Mr Gustavo Tarre, MP, Venezuela Mr Hans-Gynther Toetemeier, MP, Germany Professor Stephen Toulmin, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Mr Marten van Traa, MP, Netherlands Ms Amy S Tsanga, Researcher, University of Oslo, Institute of Womens Law
Mr Edgar Ugalde, MP, Costa Rica Dr Brian Urquhart, former USG, UN
Mr Sergio Velasco, MP, Chile Mr Peter Vollmer, MP, Switzerland Professor ].].C. Voorhoeve, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Mr Michael Wamalwa, MP, Kenya Professor Francis Wilson, University of Cape Town, South Africa Mr José Woldenberg, MP, Mexico
Mr Ali Ben Yalhya, MP, Algeria
Dr Hugo de Zela, Cabinet Chief of the Secretary General, The Organization of American States Mr Jorge Zermeno del Pan, MP, Mexico
Annex 2 MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS International Electoral Institute Commission March 10, 1993
Summary and Conclusions of an
international Round Table the
on Feasibility
of an Independent Electoral Assistance
Institute, Geneva, 10-11 February, 1993
The Swedish Government has appointed a Commission to study the feasibility of establishing an independent international institute for electoral assistance. This Commission presented a position in paper November 1992, which was distributed widely. The Commission was pleased to receive a great number of reactions, comments and proposals to this from the international community. paper In order to discuss its ideas in broader circle the Commission a hosted Round Table in Geneva February 10-11, 1993 with the a on support of the Inter Parliamentary Union, Parliamentarians for Global Action and The International Commission of Iurists. This Round Table brought together 50 persons with different constituencies and experiences. The discussants came from different bodies: NGO’s, many parliamentarians’ organisations, national parliaments, governments, multinational and regional agencies. Some there concerned were as individuals. Those present spoke in their personal capacities without necessarily committing their governments organizations. or
Annex 2
The advice to the Commission that emerged from the Round Table be summarized in the following three points: can
1. There was a strong case for a new, independent networking and for electoral In order professional institute cooperation. to achieve credibility the institute should be global in character. By and the Commissions points in the background large, well taken. papers were
The institute should what had been initially concentrate on called the normative and analytical role but should combine this with an element of observationverification and capacity building.
5.0 Some link with the UN desirable, but sho uld be conceived was such that did the institute’s freedom in a way not jeopardize of operational movement.
The Commission will continue its work along the lines now above. will further refine its ideas and consult with presented interested welcomes further partners internationally. comments and ideas. The Commission finalize its task within plans to some months from now.
Experiencies and
gaps
The Round Table discussed recent experiences of international observance, assistance and cooperation regards elections. While as that much taken place, the discussion recognizing good work has reflected broad the speakers that there are a consensus among in the practices. There strong demand for shortcomings present now a effective electoral assistance and cooperation. Some of the even more and weaknesses in the way this demand being met internationally gaps covered in the Round Table as follows: were
There lack of accepted rules and guidelines I a internationally norms, for the performance of election observance. proper
Observer missions sent out ad hoc and at short notice. A are very shared observation that with few exceptions the widely was very the international electoral had their main line of actors on scene work elsewhere and that their involvement side-issue for was a most of them; of the major deficiencies thus a dearth of one was professionalism.
There question of the legitimacy and integrity of the groups a
Annex 2 composed for these tasks. This bears on the credibility of these activities. Ultimately elections have to be owned by the people in each country. would be preferable to have electoral assistance activities carried out by more neutral, non-political organizations than the today. A closely related issue existing bodies case was with modification of their mandates could take such tasks. some on
I Little consideration has thus far been given to the long-term aspects of securing and developing the institutional, legal and other structures that are an integral part of a functioning electoral process. Democracy cannot be created just by a ballot on election day. International interest and cooperation was ad hoc and terminated on or soon after election day. Briefly, a case was made for giving attention to rather than, to short term projects. processes as now,
The need for a new institute and its mandate
Given the deficiencies in terms of professionalism, mandates and a long-term approach, how should a remedial role be defined The Round Table’s predominant line of thinking, based experiences on and perceptions the participants, was that today there a among demand for a facility centred on what was termed the normative aspect. This rubric that comprised i.a. the development of guidelines and was a rules; the establishment of a databank and a clearinghouse for research, analysis, documentation and information; the mounting of seminars and conferences for exchange of experiencies; contacts with and support for civic rights organisations; and evaluation. Most speakers welcomed such a facility and regarded this kind of work as constituting institute’s initial centre of activity. No existing body identified an was as being specifically active in this and there entity that way was no was identified as a possible actor in this field. In quarters there also identifiable need for capacity many an building. The agenda not least of the countries in transtion was understood as being in favour of a facility that would help in butressing good through adressing the long-term issues of institutions governance and frameworks directly relevant to the electoral process. There also a need for mechanism whereby of the countries directly a concerns concerned could be focussed and brought to the attention of the world community. Support was also voiced for an institute active in the of processes observation, monitoring and capacity building, with special emphasis on assistance to national electoral commissions and other appropriate national bodies. There were several different views on what this role should be. A number of speakers, especially those coming from parliamentarian bodies, felt a need for an institution that could assume a more professional and coordinated role in dealing with the present observation requests and assist them in this kind of work. The competence
Annex 2 of could be used in in those important parliamentarians a proper context efforts. before, several wished initial priority As noted speakers to give to and role of institute, especially since there the normative long term an short missions for are already a number of institutions dispatching term observance. The for institute take the election challenge any new to on roles the Commissions documents broad normative as presented in and the shortcomings presented above. Some to help remedy present as felt the institute should also become involved in observer activities, but risk of dichotomy and fear that broad there a an organisational a a role could and, in respects, into conflict operational ease out some come with the normative and analytical side of the organisation. The understanding thus that there unmet needs in general was were the of electoral assistance and in the light of the area cooperation, broader The that there utility in the context. prevailing view was was Commissions going ahead with. the work has begun.
The that from the meeting that of picture emerged was many the needs long-term and necessitated a mandate that were would permit a wider scope than that atpresentbeing envisaged; election day. legitimate, crucial the issues go beyond was that the of the be recognized. Profeseven, permanence process and would, following from this, sionalism political neutrality be essential for institute. This broader task requirements a new might even well be the future cutting edge of a new body. However, the immediate focus of an institute should be more direct and concrete. The conclusion of the that serious effort organisers a
should be made the possible dangers of operational
to overcome and normative activities in the organisation that existing same several interventions stressed. Not all actors have the same of what institute should do. of them, at expectations an some active the would like to things handled present on scene, see in the field, this merits reflection and attention when differently the mandate for institute. Part of the justification for forming an institute to enter this particular part of the electoral field a new curb the should be able should be to present proliferation. to subsume current actors, at their request, and serve as a some tool for them, coordinated with others. A central should also be the agenda and the concern of the countries in transition. A prerequisite for requirements this would to be both extensive networks and collaboration seem from the regions and countries centrally by personalities concerned.
Annex 2
Networks, organisation and statutes
On the side, the Round Table accepted the idea that organisational an institute, formed, should be networking organization. should a of and different and make use expertise knowledge in organisations constituencies in order to create professional and long term a more the issues involved. The clearinghouse concept and approach to networking should be seen as coro1laries.The Commission presented documents with principles for the some background proposals on and its These documents did give rise to organisation statutes. not a lengthy discussion or objections.
Relationship to the UN
Considerable attention the of link with the UN. was paid to question a widely held that such connection would be desirable for a new was a institutes legitimacy although not in itself enough to ensure an that could only from the quality and nature of the acceptance come institute’s work. At the time, emphasized that the own same was remain politically free in relation the UN in envisaged institute must to order to be able to function anticipated. The link should preferably be as subtle and non-inhibiting.
Annex 2
ROUND TABLE MEETING
ON
INTERNATIONAL ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE
10-11 1993
February,
Geneva
FINAL LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Annex 2
ÃHLUND, Christian Mr. CORNILLON. Pierre Mr. International Electoral Institute Commission Secretary General Box 220 l 6 Inter-Parliamentary Union
lO4022 Stockholm Sweden P.O. Box 438
2| l Geneva I9 Switzerland
Tel. 46 8 654 24 75
Fax 650 62 53 Tel. 4l 22 734 4I SO
Fax 7333| 4l ANDERSSON. Axel Mr.. MP Swedish Parliament DARUWALA. Maja Dhun Ms.
IOO 2 I Stockholm Sweden Program Officer
Rights and Social Justice Tel. 46 8 786 40 00 The Ford Foundation 55 Lodi Estate BJÖRSMARK. Karl-Göran Mr.. MP New Delhi
India
Swedish Parliament
IOO 2 l Stockholm Sweden Tel.6l 9441
Fax 46 27 l47 Tel. 46 8 786 40 00 DHOORE. Luc Mr., MP BONEO, Horacio Mr. AWEPA Head of the UN Electoral Assitance Unit Parliament of Belgium Department of Political Affairs Palais de Nation United Nations. Room S-37SOA Place de Nation 2 New York. N.Y. IOO 9 USA l l008 Brussels Belgium
Tel. l 2l2 963 87 37 Tel. 32 22 Sl l 32 49
Fax 963 29 79 DlENG, Adama Mr. CAMlNO. Julio Mr., MP Secretary General Vice-Chair. international Council International Commission ofjurists Parliamentarians for Global Action P.O. Box I60
2l l East 43rd Street l 2 l 6 CoitrinGE Switzerland
Suite l604
New York. N.Y. l00l7 USA Fax 4: 22 788 48 80
Tel. I 2l2 687 77 55 EDSTRÖM. Lars-Olof Mr. Fax 687 84 09 Ambassador
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
CONABLE. Barber Mr. P.O.Box l6l2|
P.O.Box 2 8 l Stockholm Sweden
Alexander N.Y. l4005 USA
Tel. 46 a 786 60 00
Tel.l 7|6S9l I233 Fax 723 76
CORBOY. Denis Mr. GITHU. Grace Ms.
Political Advisor DG VlIl National Election Monitoring Unit European Commission P.O. Box 43874 200 Rue de Loi Nairobi Kenya l049 Brussels Belgium Tel. 22 70 OS
Fax 32 22 99 28 ‘ls Fax 22 2l 78
Annex 2
GRAHAM, Kennedy Mr. HUMMON. john Mr.
Secretary General USAID Representative
Parliamentarians for Global Action US Permanent Mission 2l I East 43rd Street I604 I l route de Pregny -
New York. N.Y. i0Ol7 USA I292 Chambésy Switzerland
Faxl 212 15370409 Tel. 41 22 749 44 02
HAMMARBERG. Thomas Mr. IRETON. Barrie Mr.
UN Committee the Right: of the Child Under-Secretary
on
Surbrunnsgatan 40 Overseas Development Administration
I I348 Stockholm Sweden 94 Victoria Street London SWl E SJL United Kingdom
Tel. 45 8 6i2 30 94 Tel. 44 71 917 05 00 HARTLAND. John Mr. Fax 9l700l7
Counsellor to the President of the
Parliamentary Assembly of the IZZAT, Nadia Ms. Council of Europe First Secretary
67000 Strasbourg France Ministry for Foreign Affairs
P.O.Box l6l2l
Tel. 33 88 4l Zl 22 Stockholm Sweden
Fax 4I 278i Tel. 46 8 786 60 00 HERNANDEZ. Silvia Ms. Fax 723 I I 76 Senator International President JOHNSON. David Mr Parliamentarians for Global Action Human Rights Officer
Camara de Senadores UN Centre for Human Rights
Xicotencatl 9 Palais des Nations
Mexico. D.F. 060l8 Mexico |2I l Geneva 20 Switzerland
Tel. 52 s s3s 82 21 Tel. 41 22 907 12 34
Fax 54e 41 57 JOHNSSON. Anders Mr.
HJELDE, Haakon Mr. Assistant Secretary General
Ambassador inter-Parliamentary Union
Special Advisor Human Rights P.O. Box 438
on
Ministry of Foreign Affairs l2| I Geneva I9 Switzerland
Postboks 8| l4
Oslo DEP Norway Tel. 41 22 734 41 so
Fax 733 41 Tel.-02 34 36 00
Fax 34 95 eo LARSEN. Jacob Esper Mr.
Ambassador HULT, jan Mr. Permanent Mission of Denmark Election Officer S6 rue de Moillebeau
Bollmorav 35 |2I I Geneva I9 Switzerland
I3542 Tyresö Sweden
Tel. 41 22 733 29 17 Tel. 46 8 705 91 28 Fax 733 29 17
Annex 2
LEHNE, Hans Fredrik Mr. ÖRNEUS. Per Mr.
Counsellor First Secretary Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry for Foreign Affairs
Oslo DEP Norway P.O. Box l6l2|
Stockholm Sweden
Tel. 02 34 36 00
Fax 34 95 ao Tel. 46 8 786 eo 00
Fax 723 I l 76 LIDEGAARD, Bo Mr. Head of Section PENNEGARD. Ann Marie Ms.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Counsellor
Asiatisk Pads 2 Permament Mission of Sweden
l448 Copenhagen Denmark 9-l I de Varembé
rue
l2l I Geneva 20 Switzerland
Tel. 45 33 92 00 oo Fax 3: 54 os 33 Tel. 4| 22 734 36 00
MACKINNON. Philip Mr. FOLEY. Hans Mr. Director Directorate General for international Co- UN and Commonwealth Affairs operation
Department of External Affair Policy Planning Section
Ottawa Canada Ministry of Foreign Affairs
P.O. Box 2006|
Tel. 6l3 99279 93 2500 EB The Hague
Fax 944 07 22 Netherlands
MAYER. Jean Mr. RAMPHAL. .Sir Shridath Consultant Chairman 24. rue de Geneve Commission on Global Governance
OI 2 I 0 Ferney-Voltaire France Flat The Sutherlands
l88 Sutherland Ave.
McCARTl-lY. Thomas Mr. London W9 IHR United Kingdom
Centre for Human Rights Palais des Nations Tel. 44 7| 266 34 09
l2l l Geneva 20 Switzerland Fax 286 23 O2
Tel. 41 229l7394l RIVOLLIER. Michel Mr. Consultant
MOKHIBER. Craig Mr‘. 0l260 Hotonnes France
Human Rights Officer UN Centre for Human Rights ROSE. John Bryan Mr. Palais des Nations Secretary
l2l I Geneva 20 Switzerland Committee on Development and Co-
operation
Tel. 4: 22 9:7 39 23 European Parliament
Plateau Kirchberg NAGLER. Gerald Mr. 2929 Luxembourg Luxembourg Chairman Swedish Helsinki Committee for Human Tel. 3S2 43 00l
Rights Fax 43 00 49 00 Askrikegatan 7
l I557 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel. 46 662 24 47
Annex 2
ROTHERMEL. Timothy Mr. THALMANN, Anton Mr. Director Head of UN Section Division for Global and lnterregional Departement federal des affaires étnngeres
Programmes 3003 Berne Switzerland
UNDP
One. United Nations Plan Tel. 4l 3lt6l 34 97
New York, N.Y. IOOI7 USA THEUERMANN. Engelbert Mr.
Fax l 2l2 906 S8 57 UNO-Abteilung
Ministry for Foreign Affairs ROTTENBURG. Fritz von Mr. Ballhausplatz 2
Minisuy for Foreign Affairs I0 I4 Vienna Austria
Adenauer Allee 99
5300 Bonn I Germany Tel. 43 222 S3 IIS 33 09
hx S3 185 225 Fax 49 228 I7 37 85 VDURINEN. Anneli Ms. SAAVEDRA. Lourdes Ms. First Secretary Lafragua 3-3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mexico. D.F. 06030 Mexico P.O. Box I76 00l6l Helsinki Finland
SÄVE-SÖDERBERGH. Bengt Mr.
Chairman Tel. 4I SI
international Electoral Institute Commission Fax I34l 68 00 Ministry for Foreign Affairs
P.O. Box I6I2I WOOLCOT. Peter Mr.
Stockholm Sweden Director
Human Rights Section Tel. 46 8 786 60 00 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Fax 723 76 Parke:
ACT 26000 Canberra Australia
SORENSEN.jens Adser Mr. Head of Department Tel.626l9|
Parliament of Denmark Fax 26l3l|l Folketinget
I290 Copenhagen Denmark ZETKULIC. Jack Mr.
Deputy Director Tel. 45 33 9| 0377 CSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and
Human Rights STEEL. Sir David. MP Krucza 36Wspolna 6
House of Commons 00-522 Warsaw Poland London SWIA 0AA United Kingdom
Tel. 48 2 625 4| 50
TeI. 44 7I 2I9 46 89 Fax 625 43 57
SUTTER. Peter Mr. Head Peace Unit Departement federal des affaires etrangeres
3003 Berne Switzerland
Tel. 4|3|6l3497
10
Annex 3
Cost of Elections in Countries in Transition
to Democracy
Gould, Elections Canada
by Ron
The of this highlight number of the objective paper to attempt to a factors which influence the cost of elections, and subsequently to discuss of electoral assistance these relate to and some aspects as influence the cost of elections. This intended to provide only a paper brief overview for discussion purposes. From the outset, decisions which made with respect to the are essential elements of any electoral process can significantly impact on the cost of that election. For example, system of proportional represena tation based national constituency will be significantly less costly on one than based number of regional constituencies. follows a system on a that electoral whereby representatives elected a majoritarian system are from hundreds of small constituencies will be costly. perhaps even more One of the involved the which significant costs concerns extent to districts of constituencies have to be geographically defined, regions, and mapping activities carried out in order to determine the boundaries of the be elected. the for representatives to Similarly, requirements different ballots opposed national numerous constituency as to one ballot few ballots, will also directly affect the of the or a regional costs election. The determination of the registration system to be used in relation to documents often of the major of existing identity one expenses elections in countries in transition to democracy. would obviously be much less documents where these costly to use current identity are appropriate and acceptable, than to introduce a new country-wide and identification computer-based voter registration system, or voter cards. the electoral environment in registration Obviously specific
Annex 3 but careful certain cases may require a costly new registration system, a the in each specific situation analysis of optimum registration process could result in significantly reduced electoral costs. Related to the registration system itself are the input requirements such as identity number of electoral lists if that
documents and the type and any are
required. The nature and extent of voter and political education another which the of the elections. This will be aspect can impact on cost significantly affected by the number of languages spoken in the country, the number and of the of the extent political party sophistication, extent familiarity of the elections and with the population with multi-party electoral itself, and of the levels of literacy and illiteracy process course, in the country. Obviously the design and of voting materials and the specific types voting will have major impact the costs of the election. For process a on example, a decision to use ultraviolet ink and battery-powered fluorescent check the ink will be than lamps to significantly more expensive using indelible inks against individuals voting than as security more once. The design and construction of ballot boxes from extremely can vary metal boxes moderate-cost plastic ballotboxes to extremely expensive to cardboard boxes. The ballot itself be inexpensive corrugated can a very item the requires huge quantities of coloured costly system paper or and multi-colour printing. These extremely high-security papers or few decisions with election are just a examples of how respect to materials significantly impact election costs. can on There physical factors which will have a significant impact on are the and of the concerned, the cost, including size geography country and communication and the of existing transportation systems season the in which elections to be held. In this latter instance, a year are country decides, because of the of the situation to carry out an urgency election in rainy in winter, this will be much more costly season or a election than held in the in where was dry season or summer transportation and communication problems are normally much less. There also the of the poll and the voting physical aspect system which will often have significant impact the number of polling a on officials needed and the costs of their meals, salaries, equipment, etc. the situation in the will have implications Obviously, security country cost for the election. The above examples, are not intended to be exhaustive, but of the costly elements which are designed to highlight some more be controllable to extent at the point when initial decisions are may some made with respect to the election. The international be in position valuable community may a to play a role in countries in transition democracy focus of assisting to to some these electoral considerations, with View to reducing unnecessary a electoral costs. I would hasten to underline that fact that essential this always be done in context of the political, geographical, social and a other situations of that particular country and in the electoral interest of the the cost-reduction elements country as opposed to focussing on as their However, infrequently countries in objectives in own right. not
Annex 3 transition to democracy design electoral systems using inappropriate models from other countries because of their lack of experience, or attempt to modify system which may have been appropriate for onea but major for multiparty elections. party elections causes problems International input coordinated basis can often be a constructive as on a well cost-saving contribution. as a In possible for international input into costconsidering avenues effective electoral Ibelieve there other avenues which are processes, are somewhat interrelated. The first the of international election consultant concerns use either individuals team which might be identified by an as or as a such the proposed Institute, expert who could organization as resources provide advice and alternatives to countries in transition to democracy, the in time when basic electoral decisions being especially at point were discussed such during the drafting of the electoral law itself. that this kind of Consultation take place early, not only important very considering the decisions to be taken with respect to a electoral system and related costs, but also recognizing that in majority of cases, a and related with the whatever system costs are implemented respect to first election, these will often continue to apply to many subsequent elections, but whereas the election elections be subsidized early or may the international community, eventually the democracy itself by new will have 100% of the costs of the electoral system has to carry designed. . In addition the role electoral assistance and encouraging to played by the most cost-effective electoral considerations, by not only working electoral authorities the countries concerned but closely with the in , also, where international election consultants havebeen actively working with the their advice and guidance with particular country, in seeking the most effective and, hopefully, cost-effective for respect to areas donor In general would that coordinated support. terms, appear be much cost-effective than individual donor-support can more coordinated donor-support the possibilities of initiatives. Through donor another avoided, duplication of effort playing one against are be eliminated, and where much stronger influence be can necessary can exerted. for elections necessarily totally concentrated Donor-support not the electoral itself. In donoron supporting responsible body some cases focus only on outside such as non-govemment organizations. groups However, of the focus of the donor nation with regardless or groups, electoral support, in order to achieve cost-effective assistance, respect to not only coordination and cooperation amongst donors advantageous, but also assist influence the carefully earmarking support to or even cost-effective worth consideration. For example, funds most options be made available for the purchase of indelible inks for might identification but not for ultraviolet inks and the required purposes related the of whether funds lamps. A more sensitive issue question should be allocated for voter education to an election purposes without having organization or non-governmental organization some
Annex 3 with the specific publication and its specific information respect to effectiveness. This where consultation and advice from possible international election specialists as well as local NGOs or election officials will be most useful. This approach would avoid problems in the with donors have funds for education which have past provided voter resulted in publications being produced which were not completely non-partisan, produced prematurely with incorrect publications being or which then had be supplemented with or incomplete information, to further publications later; and publications which were never distributed to the electors. The objective in all of the above to attempt to tread delicate a very cost-effective coordinated donor assistance path between providing to those involved in the electoral in countries in transition to process democracy, while at the same time encouraging independence of action the part of the local election authorities and NGOs. on would that possible of reaching these goals might appear one way be foreign organizations such the proposed Institute develop a roster of respected and impartial international electoral advisers or consultants who could then be selected the basis of their specific acceptability to on particular country, and to the donor nations involved with that a who could then act broker between the country and its country, as a NGOs consent with respect to electoral elements and activities and their costs, and with the donor nations with respect to prioritizing electoral activities for which donor support has been requested.
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1993 Statens offentliga utredningar
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Styrnings- och samarbetsformer i biståndet. UD 35. Reaktion mot ungdomsbrott. Del A och B. Ju. . Kursplaner för grundskolan. U. 36. Lag om totalförsvarsplikt. Fö. . Ersättning för kvalitet och effektivitet. 37. Justitiekanslern. En översyn av JK:s arbetsuppgifter . Utformning av ett nytt resurstilldelningssystem m.m. Ju. för grundläggande högskoleutbildning. U. 38. Hälso- och sjukvården i framtiden tre modeller. — Statligt stöd till rehabilitering av tortyrskadade S. . flyktingar m. fl. S. 39 En gräns för filmcensuren. Ku. . Bensodiazepiner beroendeframkallande psykofar- 40. Fri- och rättighetsfrågor. Del A och B. Ju. . — maka. S. 41. Folk- och bostadsräkning år 1990 och i framtiden.
Livsmedelshygien och småskalig livsmedelsproduk- Fi, . tion. Jo. 42. Försvarets högskolor. Fö.
Löneskillnader och lönediskriminering. 43. Politik mot arbetslöshet. A. .
Om kvinnor och män arbetsmarknaden. Ku. 44 Översyn av tjänsteinkomstbeskattningen. Fi.
. Löneskillnader och lönediskriminering. Om 45. Trosa bryter sig loss. Bytänkande eller demokratins . kvinnor och män på arbetsmarknaden. Bilagedel. räddning. C.
Ku. 46. Vissa kyrkofrågor. C.
Postlag. K. 47. Konsekvenser av valmöjligheter inom skola, . 10. En ny datalag. Ju. barnomsorg, äldreomsorg och primärvård. C.
ll. Socialförsäkringsregister. S. 48. Kommunala verksamheter i egen förvaltning och i
12. Vårdhögskolor kommunala aktiebilag. En jämförande studie. C.
kvalitet utveckling huvudmannaskap. U. 49. Ett år med betalningsansvar. S. - - - 13. Ökad konkurrens järnvägen. K. 50. Serveringsbestämmelser. S.
14 EG och våra grundlagar. Ju. 51. Naturupplevelser utan buller en kvalitet att värna. . - 15. Svenska regler för internationell omfördelning av M.
olja vid en oljekris. N. 52. Ersättning vid arbetslöshet. A.
16. Nya villkor för ekonomi och politik ekonomi- 53. Kostnadsutjämning mellan kommuner. Fi. kommissionens förslag. Fi. 54. Utvisning grund av brott. Ku.
Nya villkor för ekonomi och politik ekonomi- 55. Det allmännas skadeståndsansvar. Ju. . kommissionens förslag. Bilagor. Fi. 56. Kontrollen över export av strategiskt känsliga
17. Ägandet av radio och television i allmänhetens varor. UD.
tjänst. Ku. 57. Beskattning av fastigheter, del I
18. Acceptans Tolerans Delaktighet. M. Schablonintäkt eller fastighetsskatt Fi. - 19. Kommunerna och miljöarbetet. M. 58. Effektivare ledning i statliga myndigheter. Fi.
20. Riksbanken och prisstabiliteten. Fi. 59. Ny marknadsföringslag. C.
21. Ökat personval. Ju. 60. Polisens rättsliga befogenheter. Ju.
22. Vad är ett statsråds arbete värt Fi. 61. Överföring av HIV-smitta genom läkemedlet
23 Kunskapens krona. U. Preconativ. S. . 24. Utlänningslagen en partiell översyn. Ku. 62. Rättssäkerheten vid beskattningen. Fi. - 25. Sociala åtgärder för jordbrukare. Jo. 63. Person och parti Studier i anslutning till - 26 Handläggningen av vissa säkerhetsfrågor. Ju. Personvalskommitténs betänkande . 27. Miljöbalk. Del l och 2. M. Ökat personval SOU 1993:21. Ju.
28. Bankstödsnämnden. Fi. Frågor för folkbildningen. U. . 29. Fortsatt reformering av företagsbeskattningen. 65. Handlingsplan mot buller.
Del Fi. Handlingsplan mot buller. Bilagedel. M.
30. Rätten till bistånd inom socialtjänsten. S. 66. Lag om införande av miljöbalken. M.
31. Kommunernas roll på alkoholomrâdet och inom 67. Slutförvaring av använt kärnbränsle KASAMs missbrukarvården. S. yttrande över SKBs FUD-program 92. M.
32 Ny anställningsskyddslag. A. 68. Elkonkurrens med nätmonopol. N. . 33. Atgärder ° för förbereda Sveriges jordbruk och 69. Revisorerna och EG. N. att
livsmedelsindustri för EG. Jo. 70. Strategi för småföretagsutveckling. N.
34. Förarprövare. K. 71 Organisationernas bidrag. C. .
Statens offentliga utredningar 1993
Kronologisk förteckning
72. Att inhämta synpunkter från medborgarna Det kommunala omröstningsinstitutet i tillämpning. C. 73. Radikala organisationsförändringar i kommuner och landsting. C. 74. Kvalitetsmätning i kommunal verksamhet. C. 75. Vissa mervärdeskattefrågor Il, offentlig verksamhet m.m. Fi. 76. Verkställighet av fängelsestraff Ju. 77. Kommunal tjänsteexport och internationellt bistánd.C. 78. Miljöskadeförsäkringen i framtiden. M. 79. Handel och miljö mot en hållbar spelplan. M. - 80. Statsförvaltningen och EG. Ju.
81. Översyn av arbetsmiljölagen. A.
82. Frivilligt socialt arbete. Kartläggning och kunskapsöversikt. S. 83. Statistik och integritet, del l Skydd för uppgifter till den statliga statistiken m.m. Fi. 84. Innovationer för Sverige. N. p 85. Ursprung och utbildning social snedrekrytering till högre studier. U. 86. Amningsvänliga sjukhus för att skydda, stödja och främja amning. S. 87. Beredskapslagring av olja. N. 88. Produktsäkerhetslagen och EG. C. 89. Massflykt till Sverige av asyl- och hjälpsökande. Fö. 90. Lokal demokrati i utveckling. C. 9l. Socialtjänstens roll i samhällsplanering och samhällsarbete. En kunskapsöversikt och ett diskussionsunderlag. S. 92. Den centrala polisorganisationen. Ju. 93. Vårdens svåra val. S. 94. Anpassad kontroll av byggandet. M. 95. Ansvars- och uppgiftsfördelning inom det civila försvaret. Fö. 96. Förändringar i lönegarantisystemet. A. 97. Västsverige och Skåne regioner i förändring. C. - 98. Partnerskap. Ju. 99. Kart- och fastighetsverksamhet i myndighet och bolag. M. 100 Free and Fair elections and beyond. UD. . -
offentliga
1993 Statens utredningar
Systematisk förteckning
Socialtjänstens roll i samhällsplanering och samhälls-
Justitiedepartementet
arbete. En kunskapsöversikt och ett diskussions- - En ny datalag. [10] underlag. [91] EG och våra grundlagar. [14] Vårdens svåra val. [93] Ökat personval. [21]
Handläggningen av vissa säkerhetsfrågor. [26]
Kommunikationsdepartementet
Reaktion mot ungdomsbrott. Del A och B. [35] Postlag. [9] Justitiekanslem. En översyn av JK:s arbetsuppgifter Ökad konkurrens järnvägen. [13] m.m. [37] Förarprövare. [34] Fri- och rättighetsfrågor. Del A och B. [40]
Det allmännas skadeståndsansvar. [55]
Finansdepartementet
Polisens rättsliga befogenheter. [60]
och parti Studier i anslutning till Nya villkor för ekonomi och politik ekonomi- Person - - Personvalskommitténs betänkande kommisionens förslag. [16]
Ökat [63] Nya villkor för ekonomi och politik ekonomipersonval SOU 1993:21. -
Verkställighet fängelsestraff. [76] kommisionens förslag. Bilagor. [16] av statsförvaltningen och EG. [80] Riksbanken och prisstabiliteten. [20]
Den centrala polisorganisationen. [92] Vad är ett statsråds arbete värt [22]
Partnerskap. [98] Bankstödsnämnden. [28]
Fortsatt reformering av företagsbeskattningen.
Del 2. [29]
Utrikesdepartementet
Folk- och bostadsräkning år 1990 och i framtiden. [41] Styrnings- och samarbetsformer i biståndet. [l]
Översyn av tjänsteinkomstbeskattningen. [44]
Kontrollen över export av strategiskt känsliga varor. [56]
Kostnadsutjämning mellan kommuner. [53] Free and Fair elections and beyond. [100] - Beskattning av fastigheter, del I
Schablonintäkt eller fastighetsskatt [57]
Försvarsdepartementet -
Effektivare ledning i statliga myndigheter. [58] Lag om totalförsvarsplikt. [36] Rättssäkerheten vid beskattningen. [62] Försvarets högskolor. [42] Vissa mervärdeskattefrågor lI, offentlig verksamhet Massflykt till Sverige av asyl- och hjälpsökande. [89] -
m.m. [75] Ansvars- och uppgiftsfördelning inom det civila Statistik och integritet, del 1 Skydd för uppgifter till försvaret. [95] den statliga statistiken m.m. [83]
Socialdepartementet
Utbildningsdepartementet
Statligt stöd till rehabilitering av tortyrskadade Kursplaner för grimdskolan. [2] flyktingar m. fl. [4] Ersättning för kvalitet och effektivitet. Bensodiazepiner beroendeframkallande psykofarmaka. — resurstilldelningssystem för Utformning av ett nytt [5] grundläggande högskoleutbildning. [3] Socialförsäkringsregister. [11] Vårdhögskolor Rätten till bistånd inom socialtjänsten. [30] kvalitet utveckling huvudmannaskap. [12] Kommunernas roll pâ alkoholomrâdet och inom - - - Kunskapens krona. [23] missbrukarvården. [31] Frågor för folkbildningen. [64] Hälso- och sjukvården i framtiden tre modeller. [38] - social snedrekrytering till Ursprung och utbildning Ett år med betalningsansvar. [49] högre studier. [85] Serveringsbestämmelser. [50]
Överföring av HIV-smitta genom läkemedlet
Jordbruksdepartementet
Preconativ. [61] Livsmedelshygien och småskalig livsmedelsproduktion. Frivilligt socialt arbete. Kartläggning och kunskaps-
översikt. [82] [6]
Sociala åtgärder för jordbrukare. [25] Amningsvänliga sjukhus för att skydda, stödja och -
Åtgärder för att förbereda Sveriges jordbruk och
främja amning. [86] livsmedelsindustri för EG. [33]
4
1993 Statens offentliga utredningar
Systematisk förteckning
Arbetsmarknadsdepartementet Miljö- och naturresursdepartementet
Ny anställningsskyddslag. [32] Acceptans Tolerans Delaktighet. [18] Politik mot arbetslöshet. [43] Kommunerna och miljöarbetet. [19] Ersättning vid arbetslöshet. [53] Miljöbalk. Del 1 och [27]
Översyn av arbetsmiljölagen. [81] Naturupplevelser utan buller en kvalitet att värna.
- Förändringar i lönegarantisystemet. [96] [51] Handlingsplan mot buller.
Kulturdepartementet Handlingsplan mot buller. Bilagedel. [65]
Löneskillnader och lönediskjiminering. Lag om införande av miljöbalken. [66] Om kvinnor och män på arbetsmarknaden. [7] Slutförvaring av använt kärnbränsle KASAMs - Löneskillnader och lönediskriminering. Om kvinnor yttrande över SKBs FUD-program 92. [67] och män arbetsmarknaden. Bilagedel. [8] Miljöskadeförsäkringen i framtiden. [78]
Ägandet radio och television i allmänhetens tjänst. Handel och miljö mot en hållbar spelplan. [79]
av - [17] Anpassad kontroll av byggandet. [94] Utlånningslagen partiell översyn. [24] Kart- och fastighetsverksamhet i myndighet och - en En gräns för filmcensuren. [39] bolag. [99] Utvisning grund av brott. [54]
Näringsdepartementet
Svenska regler för internationell omfördelning av olja vid en oljekris. [15] Elkonkurrens med nätmonopol. [68] Revisorerna och EG. [69] Strategi för småföretagsutveckling. [70] Innovationer för Sverige. [84] Beredskapslagring av olja. [87]
Civildepartementet
Trosa bryter sig loss. Bytänkande eller demokratins räddning. [45] Vissa kyrkofrågor. [46] Konsekvenser av valmöjligheter inom skola, barnomsorg, äldreomsorg och primärvård. [47] Kommunala verksamheter i egen förvaltning och i kommunala aktiebilag. En jämförande studie. [48] Ny marknadsföringslag. [59] Organisationernas bidrag. [71] Att inhämta synpunkter från medborgarna Det kommunala omröstningsinstitutet i tillämpning. [72] Radikala organisationsförändringar i kommuner och landsting. [73] Kvalitetsmätning i kommunal verksamhet. [74] Kommunal tjänsteexport och internationellt bistånd.[77] Produktsäkerhetslagen och EG. [88] Lokal demokrati i utveckling. [90] Västsverige och Skåne regioner i förändring. [97] -