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LANDSCAPE AGRICULTURE FORESTRY

IN SWEDISH

HIGHER EDUCATION

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Statens offentliga utredningar @W 1991:101

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Jordbruksdepartementet

Landscape

Agriculture Forestry

in Swedish

Higher Education

English Summary

Ministry of Agriculture Review of the

Swedish

University of Agricultural

Sciences

Sammanfattning av utredningen angående översyn av Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Del 5 Stockholm 1992

SOU och Ds kan köpas från Allmänna Förlaget, som också på uppdrag av regeringskansliets förvaltningskontor ombesörjer remissutsändningar av dessa publikationer.

Adress: Allmänna Förlaget Kundtjänst 106 47 Stockholm Tel 08/7 39 96 30 Telefax: 08/7 39 95 48

Publikationerna kan också köpas i Informationsbokhandeln, Malmtorgsgatan Stockholm.

NORSTEDTS TRYCKERI AB ISBN 91-38-10977-8 Stockholm 1992 ISSN 0375-250x

The Swedish Ministry of Agriculture Review of the Swedish University of Agricultural

Sciences

English Summary

Contents Page

l Assignment and Procedure 5 1 Assignment 5 1.2 Evaluation Procedure 5

2 The Commissions Conclusions and Recommendations 9 2.1 The Role of the SUAS in Agricultural Research 9 2.2 Development since 1977 10 3 Research and Experimental Work 12 2.4 Proposed Changes in the Overall Research Policy 19 2.5 Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education, Recunent Education 22 2.6 Research Information and Extension 29 2.7 Activities for.Developing Countries 30 8 Relations to Various Partners and Customers 31 2.9 Organisation and Governance 34

,a :;ss3g € 3

Assignment and Procedure

DeI5

1.1 Assignment

In November 1989 the Swedish Minister of Agriculture assigned to Professor Ingvar Lindqvist to review the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SUAS. was a wide assignment, comprising teaching and research as well as extension and information activities, organisation, administration and management efficiency. The review of the SUAS the first of its kind in Sweden. Never before has an entire Swedish university been evaluated. Important objectives of the review were to assess the standard of the University’s activities, to examine the development during the past ten years, and to indicate the Universitys ability to cope with the major changes and challenges of the near future, mainly the new agriculture and food policy, the environment protection aspects, and the prospect of Sweden s joining of the European communities. As the merger of the earlier separate Colleges of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine into the SUAS took place in 1977 the review should also focus on the effects of the merger, such as cooperation between faculties and related fields of knowledge. Furthermore, the University s cooperation with the outside world in tenns of other universities, as well as various users and agencies within agriculture, forestry and veterinary medicine was to be covered the review. Part of the assignment concerned statistics on research expenditure and on educational costs as compared to similar undergraduate programmes in other Swedish universities, and on the future supply and need of graduates from the SUAS. Mainly, however, the objectives of the review were to evaluate.

1.2 Evaluation Procedure

The commission’s assignment did not include the short undergraduate programmes the 1-2 year programmes but the five MSc-level programmes in Agriculture, Horticulture, Landscape Architecture, Forestry, and Veterinary Medicine. In order to deal with the evaluation issues the commission decided to invite a number of qualified foreign teams to review undergraduate and postgraduate education and research within each SUAS faculty. As the assignment of the commission as regards research was to make an overall assessment, i.e.not by department or discipline, was decided to recruit each team from a single faculty corresponding to the one to be eva- —

5 English Summary

luated instead of composing mixed international teams, which the SOUl991:101 - was model introduced by Ingvar Lindqvist some ten years ago for the international Del5 evaluations of research funded by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council. The commission also saw an advantage in letting the same team evaluate teaching as well as research within a faculty, as connections and common problems then might be identified. For the Faculty of Agriculture the Commission invited a team from the Wageningen Agricultural University and the Agricultural Research Department of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries. The Faculty of Forestry was evaluated by a team from the University of Helsinki and the Finnish Research Institute, and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was reviewed by a team from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Utrecht. All the teams were chosen because of their standing in the fields concerned, and after consultations with the faculties of the SUAS. Another reason for chosing the Dutch teams was that the Netherlands, together with the United Kingdom, are more or less pioneers in evaluation of higher education. The commission was very much attracted by the model used by the Dutch, that a mixture of peer review and quantitative indicators. The objectives of the evaluation the foreign expert teams were to make were discussed with the teams and formulated in accordance with the commission interpretation of its assignment. In addition to the objectives mentioned by the Swedish Minister of Agriculture to indicate the standard of the teaching and research activites and the ability to cope with future changes — the commission emphasized the dynamic aspects of the evaluation process. The commission regarded evaluation as an important instrument for change and improvement, similar to what has been the case with the Swedish Natural Science Research Councils foreign expert teams. They have combined criticism with advice, which has been appreciated by the research teams as well as by the Research Council. The commissions interpretation of its assignment was approved of by the Minister of Agriculture. Accordingly, the commissions teams were given the objectives to assess the standard of the teaching and research actvities of the faculty concerned at the SUAS, to stimulate the further development of those activities, and to indicate the faculty s capacity for change and its ability to meet new demands. The plan with foreign expert teams could only be carried out provided that the SUAS faculties cooperated in making certain preparations. They were to inform about the study programmes and their own activities, they should make self-evaluations and they were to present their current problems, discussions and plans for change and improvement. This part of the evaluation served both asan introduction for the evaluation teams and as a preparation for the SUAS faculties and committees for undergraduate studies for participating in the evaluation process. Some of the undergraduate programmes had recently been reviewed locally at the time when

English Simmary

the teams were appointed. was therefore convenient to introduce the teams SOU1991:lO1 to the analyses of problems and needs that had been made in connection with Del5 these reviews. Furthermore and most important the teams were introduced - to the views of the programme committees for undergraduate studies. The material the faculties and committees for undergraduate studies at the SUAS presented as a background for the evaluation teams was quite comprehensive. comprised descriptions, surveys, analyses and statistics on each undergraduate programme together with descriptions of the development of each college or faculty. also contained lists of publications during the period 1988-90 within each department, well information research as as on programmes and projects, participation international scientific meetings, international assignments etc. All the evaluation teams received a common introduction about the SUAS, its background, its role and functions, and recent developments within the fields of agriculture, forestry and veterinary medicine in Sweden. Also, a short description of the Swedish higher education system was provided, as well as an overview of undergraduate and postgraduate education at the SUAS. These introductory presentations, the self-evaluation reports and other SUAS material, and the reports from the foreign evaluation teams are published as a separate part of the commissions report under the title Evaluation Report.

7 English Summary

2 SOU 199l:l0l

The Commissions Conclusions and

Del5

Recommendations

2.1 The Role of the SUAS in Agricultural Research

Looking at research expenditure at universities in OECD member countries Sweden has during the 1980s had a top position as regards the role of agricultural research. About 10 % of the total university RD expenditure in Sweden goes to agricultural research, whereas other countries spend less, in average 6-7 %, on agricultural research. This mainly due to the in Sweden of several small research instimerger tutes into the former separate Colleges of Agriculture, Forestry andVeterinary Medicine, and after 1977 into the SUAS. Many other countries in Europe have a system with separate research institutes and extension activities outside the universities. In for instance the other Nordic countries and in the Netherlands, 70-80 % of the public expenditure on agricultural research channeled to such institutes. In Sweden, however, between 80 and 90 % of the public RD expenditure on agriculture concentrated to the SUAS, either as direct budget allocations or as grants from research councils and government agencies. In this respect, Sweden more like the United States, where the universities have a strong position within agricultural research. The role of the SUAS in Swedish agricultural research has to be noted for two reasons. First, when the SUAS being compared with foreign agricultural universities, or a SUAS faculty with a corresponding foreign faculty, one has to be aware of the fact that in many cases the foreign counterpart not only a university but also part of the institute organisation. Secondly, the dominating position of the SUAS in Sweden means that the commissions assignment as to research expenditure of the University equivalent to commenting on the total public RD expenditure on agriculture in Sweden. The total public and private spending on agricultural research in propor- - tion to the total national RD effort smaller in Sweden than in the other Nordic countries. The public spending on agricultural RD in Sweden about twice as high as in Denmark, Norway and Finland, respectively, which means that the national effort roughly on the same level the differences in population are taken into consideration. Looking at public and private expenditure on agricultural RD in relation to primary production within agricultural and food industry and forestry, the situation in Sweden rather similar to the other Nordic countries. The company spending on RD low compared to other branches, and in Sweden the public expenditure on RD in forestry on a lower level than in agriculture.

English Summary

Tl—SOU

2.2 Devzlopment since 1977

Del5 The commision has examined the long-terrn plans presented by the SUAS since 1981 :s preparation and basis for the Governments Research Policy Bills. Other naterial, such as proposals from various commissions and committees, Goiemment Bills, and decisions by Parliament, has also been reviewed by ti: Commission. A special study has been carried out for the commission, on he changes in funding since 1977 of each SUAS faculty and its research programme areas as well as its departments. The comnission’s conclusion that the SUAS has been active in identifying and pnsenting important new areas for research, and has also been engaged in tzveloping these areas at the University. The RD development agricultur: and forestry during the decade came to a large extent to focus the long-errn objectives and areas of priority presented in the first fiveon year plan in 1981. Among the SUAS priorities were biological production and producton processes, natural resources and environment, raw materials for energy aid industry, food science, animal health, and forest yield. In the subsequent ong—term plans the SUAS developed the themes brought up in 1981 and al:o gave high priority to undergraduate and postgraduate education. According to the commission the SUAS has played an important role in emphasizinglong-term needs of knowledge as well as in interacting with the political level, mainly the Ministry of Agriculture, the research councils, various govzrnment agencies and the private companies and other users within agricilture and forestry. The SUAS has to a large extent been successful in getting support for its priorities. l/any of the proposals have been accepted and realized. should be mentionel, however, that formal responsilility and government funds for of the research programmes within the fields given priority to by the many SUAS have veen entrusted to research councils and mission-Oriented research agencies. Many nev fields of research have been introduced at the SUAS since 1977, and retllocations of funds for various purposes have been made. In total, the SUAS budget allocations have, according to the comission’s special study, increased from 409 to 430 Million SEK in 1989 currency between 1977 and 190. By various decisions increases have been made by 81 Million SEK, mtinly for various research purposes. During this period cut backs on allocatims have been made by the Government by 35 Million SEK. 26 Million EEK have disappeared since 1977 due to unsufficient adjustment of the SUAS budget allocations to the current price level, an operation performed each yetr by the Government and Parliament. The remzining net increase, 20 Million SEK, has to a large extent been reallocated o undergraduate teaching. New options in biotechnology and food science within the MSc programmes in Agriculture and Horticulture

10 English Summary

have been developed and started, and the number of new entrants in the MSc programme in Forestry has been increased. Del5 The consequence has been that the budget allocations for research have remained roughly the same from 1977 to 1990. That means that all the new research purposes, decided on by Government and Parliament during this period, and accompanied by increased budget allocations to the SUAS, have been realized within a constant budget scope, i e by reallocations. During the period, 29 % of the University’s research budget has been reallocated The commission finds such an overall pace of change in research funding normal and acceptable between 2 and 3 % per year. As to the reallocation of funds from research to undergraduate education the University had, according to the commission, good reasons for the actions taken. Within the Faculty of Agriculture a noticeable reallocation of funds from applied research and experiments to basic and strategic research has been made. At the same time the private funding of applied research and experimental work has increased. According to the commission this a desirable development, which should continue. i The Faculty of Forestry has passed a stage of dynamic change and development since 1977. Interest has been increasingly directed towards bioenergy studies, environment and nature protection, and biotechnology. At the same time production studies have been developed. In total, there has been a large expansion of forestry research, mainly by external funding from research councils and mission-oriented research agencies. The commission impressed by the dynamism shown by the Faculty of Forestry, and the development very much in the direction desired by Government and Parliament. The commission is, however, worried about some of the consequences. In 1990 half the Faculty’s budget allocations for research was being used for other purposes than in 1977, which has seriously affected the University funding of traditional forestry disciplines. External research grants have been awarded mainly to non-traditional forest research areas, such as environment and natural resources, and bioenergy. The establishment of a necessary base in the University for such new fields has brought about a drain from the funds available for the traditional fields. During the period the external funding has increased from 47 to 70 % of the total research expenditure of the Faculty. The reduction in University funding of traditional forest research amounts to about 33 %. External funding of research has increased considerably at all the SUAS faculties sincel977, and its large share at the Faculty of Forestry raises the question the present Swedish policy for funding and performance of research adequate. The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine has kept about the same pace of change in its research as has the Faculty of Agriculture, i e 25-30 % of the allocations are devoted to new purposes in 1990. The Faculty has given priority to animal health, and to quality in food production, well to basic as as

ll English Summary

research in general The Commission good SOU 1991 :l01 amore sense. sees reasons to ap— of the levelopment of the Faculty. Del 5 prove

2.3 Research and Experimental Work

Research anl experimental work the dominating activities of the SUAS. are About 70 % f its budget allocations are devoted to such activities.

Bibliometricstudy The commission has made a special study of the scientific publication activity of the SUAS during the 1980s. The study has been performed at the department of socilogy at the University of Umeå. According to this study the publication of the SUAS researchers in journals coverec by the Science Citation Index SCI has increased considerably during the 19805.Looking at etc in journals within the fields of agripapers culture, including dairy, animal science and soil science, as well as veterinary medicine, fcod science and technology, and forestry, the number of publications from tle SUAS has doubled between 1980 and 1989, whereas the total number of piblications the world level has been more or less constant, — on with a small increase in 1989. The SUAS has taken a larger share of the total Swedish puilications in such journals during the 1980s, from half to two thirds of the total number. At the same time the SUAS publishing in more general scieitific journals, mainly in biology, biomedicine, clinical medicine and chemisry, has increased even more and almost three times as large as in 1980. The share of general scientific papers was about half the total SUAS publication n 1977 and about 60 % in 1989. This dev:lopment reflects the changes of research priorities within the SUAS described in the previous section of this summary, i e the priority given to basic and strategic research in the faculties. can also be noted that agriculture h wide sense, including veterinary medicine and forestry, one of the fields where Swedens share of the total number of papers the SCI the highest. only in biomedicine, clinical medicine and biology that the Swedish in joumals covered by the SCI higher than in agrishareof papers culture.

Research Priorities The commission has studied the OECD reports on research priorities and changes in :uch priorities in the member countries during the 19805. appears that tle areas of priority in most OECD member countries, i e environment and protection of natural resources, biotechnology, product quality in agriculture, food technology, sustainable production, and development of

12 English Summary

new products, are very much in focus at the SUAS. The University longterm plans are obviously very well coordinated with the priorities set by a Del5 majority of OECD member countries. The SUAS even more explicit in emphasizing basic research than the majority of the OECD member countries. An exception the United States, where research on the science base for agriculture given very high priority. The National Academy of Sciences regards this field as being of utmost importance for the future. According to the Presidents of the United States ranking of national research priorities, basic research in agriculture second only to research on the aids disease. The commission has noticed that the foreign evaluation teams give high priority to basic research and therefore recommends, together with the teams and referring to the United States’ setting of priorities, that basic research be given high priority also during the period ahead. In their reports the foreign evaluation teams also make other significant comments on the research priorities of the SUAS faculties. In the Wageningen team opinion the change to a market-regulated agriculture will have profound consequences for Swedish agriculture and form an important challenge for the SUAS. The change from the present primary physical-economic production into a resource-effective, market-regulated agricultural chain including production, processing and consumption needs to be supported scientifically. Beside the extension from production to processing and consumption, environmental studies and landscape planning will also be important issues in the future. According to the commission the recommendations from the Wageningen team should be taken seriously by the Faculty of Agriculture and the SUAS. The reorientation of the Faculty research which has been initiated and presented in the SUAS long-term plan in 1989 should be forcefully pursued. has to be observed, however, that the present division of labour between the SUAS, the Faculty of Technology at the University of Lund food technology and the Gothenburg Institute for Food Research should not be changed. The Helsinki team considers the five major research programmes within the Faculty of Forestry to be sound. According to the team proper care has been taken in the strategic planning to allow for the necessary processes of change and renewal. In recent years the problems of the environment and nature protection have arisen to a par with more traditional work on growth, yield and their ecological basis. A greater share also has been given to bioenergy studies and, to a lesser extent, to economic aspects, especially marketing. The latest efforts concern biotechnology; the emphasis on strictly basic research should, however, in the team s opinion be avoided. According to the Utrecht team the research within the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine up-to-date and relevant for the advancement of veterinary medicine in Sweden. However, there in the team opinion insufficient attention to research on infectious diseases at the more modern, molecular-biological level. Future—oriented research will also have to focus on preventive medi-

13 English Summary

cine, includ1g"vaccinology" and epidemiology. Food quality and food safewill also equire more attention as well as the relations between veterinary Del5 medicine ari the environment.

General Scintific Research

The researc. and experimental work at the SUAS can be divided into general scientific reearch and specific research in agriculture, forestry and veterinary medicine. lne general scientific research in most cases basic research and of great importance to the more SUAS-specific research and experimental work. The eneral research quite extensive within the Faculties of Agriculture and /eterinary Medicine, less so in the Faculty of Forestry. According to the evaluations made by the Council of Forestry and Agricultural Reseach and by other research councils, using international expert teams, the pneral scientific research at the SUAS of a high international standard am in general on the same level as Swedish natural science research within relatd areas. This impression confirmed by the bibliometric study as well as b the foreign evaluation teams. The teams have based their judgments on information on publications, activities international scientific associationrand international exchange activities as well as on observations and impressons in connection with the site visits. According to the commission the university funding of the general scientific researc. at the SUAS unsufficient in most cases.

Specific SUlS Research

The researc. specific to the SUAS areas of responsibility should be of a longrange natur and be based on available knowledge in fundamental science. There must ne links and cooperation between the SUAS-specific research and the more general scientific research both within and outside the SUAS. The university fnding of the specific SUAS research as well as the funding of the more geeral research, unsuffncient in most cases. The specfncSUAS research has also been evaluated by national and international ex;ert teams. Neither those evaluations nor the bibliometric study indicate an weaknesses of the research. should be noticed, however, that the specifncSUAS research has not been evaluated to the same extent as has the more general scientific research at the SUAS. The commission recommends that he SUAS-specific research be more comprehensively and regularly evaluazd. Severe citicism has, hovever, been brougt forward implying that more overall stuc"es, with a focus on synthesis, system analysis and interdisciplinarity, haveoeen neglected in the SUAS-specific research. The teams evaluating the Faculty of Agriculture and the Faculty of Foresuy have emphasized this defnciecy. Other sources have also conveyed the same opinion to the

14 English Summary

Commission. The criticism does the Faculty of Veterinary Medinot concern cine and its research. According to available indicators and examinations Del5 seems to be adequate. Common for all the three SUAS faculties is, however, that they get criticism from the evaluation teams for lack of contact and cooperation between departments. The commission agrees with the Wageningen and Helsinki teams as to the problems and circumstances which have caused the deficiencies of the SUAS-specific research. In the teams’ analyses three factors are pointed out as primary causes: the geographical distribution of faculties and departments, the high proportion of external funding of research, and the present organisation of the SUAS.

The Geographical Distribution of F aculties and Departments

In the commissions opinion research on biological production in natural surroundings, on growth, breeding, yield and ecology, has to be distributed according to varying conditions Sweden. Field stations and experiments in many places with varying biological and other environment conditions are therefore necessary. This should not, however, be implemented in a way that jeopardizes the quality of research and research-related undergraduate education. According to the commission the Faculty of Forestry has been most seriously affected by the geographical distribution of its activities. Half the facullocated in Uppsala, a large part in Umeå, a smaller part at Garpenberg, and there also a research unit at Alnarp. The MSc programme in Forestry divided among Umeå, Uppsala and Garpenberg. There are three alternative ways to deal with the geographical division of the Faculty of Forestry. The Faculty could be concentrated to Uppsala or to Umeå, or there could be a combination of Uppsala and Umeå. A concentration to Uppsala would be the best alternative for many reasons. is, however, hardly realistic at present, as was not chosen when the College of Forestry was moved from Stockholm in the 1970s. A concentration to Umeå has its advantages, among them a closer cooperation with the University of Umeå. The drawbacks are, however, considerable, as new premises have to be provided in Umeå and the links to the Faculty of Agriculture and to the University of Uppsala would be cut off. A concentration to Umeå should, according to the Commission, implicate that the Faculty of Forestry be separated from the SUAS and become part of the University of Umeå. The Commission recommends that the Faculty of Forestry be concentrated to two centres, Uppsala and Umeå. In order to make such a construction work successfully a better balance has to be established between Uppsala and Umeå as to the role and function in undergraduate teaching well as as

15 English Summary

research. The Helsinki team has emphasized this and also pointed out the connection between undergraduate education, postgraduate education and Del5 research in Forestry. The MSc in Forestry has a marked professional profile but has shortcomings as a preparation for doctoral training. The enrollment of graduates with a MSc degree in Forestry to postgraduate education comparatively low less than 60 % of the total number of doctoral students. - According to the Helsinki team the proportion of postgraduate students without a forestry background in undergraduate studies has reached a level that must be regarded as alarming. Such persons usually lack the necessary versatile understanding of forestry as a whole. The team does consider some "new blood" as necessary to keep the scientific thinking in the departments alive and fruitful. However, as the team puts departments without any MSc in Forestry as postgraduate student will have a tendency to become estranged from other departments and from real forestry problems. The team also concerned about the almost complete lack in some Uppsala departments of staff members with a basic training in forestry, and recommends a better balance in order to avoid alienation from the problems of practical forestry. Long-term measures in staff development are regarded as necessary to remedy this shortcoming. The commission shares the Helsinki team s opinion and concern about the present situation at the Faculty of Forestry. If no measures are taken to change the imbalance and development there an obvious risk that the Uppsala part of the Faculty will become more of a Faculty of Natural Sciences. As a consequence, the Faculty of Forestry would lose much of its present qualities, in particular the broad mission to cover the whole concept of forest, as the Helsinki team puts it. The analysis presented by the Helsinki team calls for a coordinated action. The large, at present not adequately utilized resource in Uppsala for teaching in basic sciences should be used for the first year of the MSc in Forestry programme. The Helsinki team has pointed out that the splitting-up of forestry research into three units Uppsala, Umeå and Garpenberg has had several negative - effects. According to the commission, forestry research at Garpenberg much too isolated and would profit from being moved to Uppsala or Umeå and made part of larger research milieus. Furthermore, the forest technology research at Garpenberg has been criticised by representatives of the Swedish forest industry and forest owners, among them the Swedish Pulp and Paper Association. Their point that the SUAS forest technology research should have a more long-tenn orientation and not compete with the branch research institute the Forest Operations Institute. The commission recommends that the Faculty of Forestry decides where to move the research at Garpenberg and also makes a review of the research in forest technology.

16 English Summary

The unit at Alnarp for forestry research in the south of Sweden has obviously been successful from a scientific point of view as well as for the users Del5 and should therefore be further developed. Also for the Faculty of Agriculture its geographical distribution has caused problems. There are two centres, one in Uppsala and one at Alnarp, which should be easier to handle than three or four which the case for the Faculty of Forestry. According to the commission the present structure with two centres should be maintained. There are many good reasons for the location at Alnarp, among them the cooperation with the University of Lund. is, however, important to improve contacts and cooperation between related fields, and the commission would like to forward to the Faculty the proposals and recommendations by the Wageningen team. According to the commission there also a need to give Horticulture and Landscape Architecture more of a profile of their own, its research as well as the MSc programmes, within the SUAS. The Faculty of Agriculture very large and heterogenous and tends to be dominated by the Agronomist perspective. The commission recommends that the Faculty be divided into two, one for Agriculture and one for Horticulture and Landscape Planning.

Field Trials and Experiments

In section 2.1 above was pointed out that the Swedish system for RD in agriculture, with the merger of a number of separate research institutes into the higher education institutions, different from the organisation in many other European countries. The Commission s assignment included a critical examination of the Swedish system and other alternatives. Many countries have a model with two parallel RD organisations in agriculture, universities or colleges of agriculture and research institutes with public funding. The higher education institutions are often oriented towards basic and strategic research whereas the institutes focus on applied research, experiments and field trials. The commissions impression that both models seem to work. The comparisons the commission has made between the models have not, however, convinced the commission that the model with two parallel organisations superior to the integrated model practised in Sweden and in the United States. The commission therefore recommends that the existing model be kept in Sweden, which in our case means that the building-up of basic research in a separate institute organisation can be avoided, something that may be of advantage in large countries but hardly in Sweden. In making this recommendation the commission also emphasizes that the applied research, experiments and field trials should be more integrated into the research activities of the depanments, a development which under way in for instance Animal Science.

l7 English Summary

-sou

has bensaid already that the SUAS—specific research should be of a long-term rattre. According to the commission there should also be possi- Del5 bilities to lSC the SUAS competence and facilities for short-term applied research and poblem-solving relevant to users within the agricultural sector. In such cas:s,however, would be commissioned RD, paid for by the customer. According to the description in section 2.2 the development during the past ten yetrs has, in fact, been in that direction, i e with a reduction of the SUAS ludget allocations to applied research and development work and increased findng from private sources. With an zxilicit policy declaration from the Government and Parliament should be prssble for the SUAS to continue the development already started concerning oliectives and responsibility for applied research and experiments, and heintegration of such activites with basic and strategic research. In connection vith such a development the commission recommends that the experiments aid field trials be reduced and concentrated to a couple of centres. In presettirg this general outline for the future development the commission aware f the need to ñnd a good solution for the long-time experiments on gxovth and yield, including data collection during several decades. In forestry, forinstance, long-term experiments on growth and yield of forest stands in vaiois natural conditions and under different treatments have been going on sitcethe beginning of this century, and great attention has been paid to the collertion and utilization of such material. The value of the collected data regarded as very high in forestry research, and according to the Helsinki team he Swedish material unique even at a global level. The team recommencs nat the means be found to continue these studies. Also within the Faculty ofAgriculturc there are some studies and experiments going on for a long tm: which a similar way are used for research projects in several disciplires. In the crnnissions’s opinion such activities should not be included in the budget disus:ions each year on cut backs and reallocation of funds. They should be deal with separately, with respect to their long—terrncharacter and usefulness to nany disciplines. There a resemblance between such longterm experinerts and the access for Swedish researchers to the advanced and expensive scieitific equipment paid for by Swedens membership fees to the CERN, the European Space Agency, the European Southern Observatory, etc. Such feesare kept together as a separate budget entry and do not form part of the budgets of the research councils concerned. A similar procedure recommencedfor the long-term experiments and activities at the SUAS, including also z minimum of animal stock used departments within the Faculties 0: Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. The commission recommends thata :areful examination of such activities at the SUAS be made together wih zn estimation of the cost.

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2.4 Proposed Changes in the Overall Research

Del5

Policy

In total, the external funding of research at the SUAS equals the budget allocations for research in all the faculties together. In the Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine the external funding amounts to about 40 % of the total RD expenditure, and in the Faculty of Forestry the corresponding share 70 %. Private funding amounts to about 15 % of the total SUAS RD expenditure. Most of the external research funding from public comes sources, research councils and mission—oriented research agencies. In section 2.2 the connection between the present situation and the development during the past ten years has been described. The SUAS has its long—termplans and budget requests presented many new research areas. The proposals have to a large extent been accepted, but formal responsibility and funds for research programmes have in most cases been given to research councils and agencies food science, forestry research, sustainable production, environment research etc. In order to out research within the carry fields given priority to by the SUAS its researchers have had to apply for grants from the research councils or agencies. This procedure an application of the overall Swedish research policy decided on by the Government and Parliament. During the 1960s and particularly during the 1970s there had been an impressive expansion of missionoriented RD in Sweden, and there was a wide-spread and finn support in the Swedish society for research. The usefulness of research activities, i e the instrumental value of knowledge, was the dominating perspective, and sectorial research had its heyday. The role of the higher education institutions the RD system was defined in 1979. They should have a leading part in the performance of all kinds of research. Soon afterwards was decided that the research councils should have the major responsibility for the development of basic research, and various mission—oriented research agencies for sectorial research. As a result of proposals from a Government commission, the view that research could have either scientific qualities or relevance to the society got official support. Accordingly, the research councils became the warrants of scientific quality and the agencies the warrants of relevance to society. Separate research institutes should be avoided because of the risk of isolation from the scientific community, and the universities were seen as principal performers of research. The Governments Research Policy Bills and the decisions by Parliament during the 1980s have been in strict accordance with this policy. The development at the SUAS, and at the Faculty of Forestry in particular, illustrates the effects of this research policy. Within the Faculty of Forestry a number of new research programmes have been started, for instance bioon energy, pollution and other environmental problems, and production. In order to provide a necessary base within the university for such programmes 22 Million SEK have been reallocated, and further, number of have a posts

19 English Summary

transferred the of priority. In total, half the Faculty part been to new areas of the Universitys allocations for research in 1990 devoted to other Del5 was traditional forestry disciplines have areas and purposes than in 1977. The got their university allocations reduced by about third. Part of the explanation one this cut the unsufficient adjustment to the current price level, to severe made by the Government and Parliament. Between 1977 and 1990 the external funding of research at the Faculty of Forestry has increased from 45 to 125 Million SEK, which an increase from 47 to 70 % of the research expenditure. The funding of environmental research in the Faculty by the Swedish National Board for Environment equals the private funding of production-oriented research, Protection now which quite a dramatic change. The Faculty of Forestry could have chosen to protect the traditional forestry disciplines and maintain the previous level of funding of such areas. They should then have kept away from the environmental research and the new of the research councils and agencies. In that case the Faculty programmes would have been criticised for its lack of interest in fields given priority to by the political level and by the SUAS, in the first place. the Faculty wanted take the fields the rule of the according to the present Sweto up new game, dish research policy, made necessary to reduce the university allocations to the fields available, i e the traditional forestry disciplines. The of scientific development that new fields of research process means and old ones lose their importance and should be closed down emerge some changed. The decisive weakness in the Swedish research policy that or imposes reductions the faculties where new research areas should be deon veloped. This effect produced by the model chosen for introducing new into the RD system, e i by external funding. areas The reduction of university allocations to traditional forestry fields not the result of the setting of priorities on the political level, nor at the SUAS. The commissions reply to the critics from the forest industry and the forest that the SUAS and the Faculty of Forestry have behaved according owners the overall research policy and the rules established by the Government and to Parliament. As the result unfortunate the rules should be changed. The major problem the division of tasks and responsibility among the actors in the RD system. The role of the higher education institutions as performers of research has been over-emphasized to a degree that has left them with little influence the research they perform. Influence and very on of decision has gradually been transferred to the research councils and power the mission-oriented agencies. The research policy based on the assumption that such a division of tasks and responsibility leads to research of higher scientific quality and/or more relevance to society than research funds are awarded directly to the universities. The empirical evidence after supports the assumption that reten years search councils good at selecting promising research projects. Internaare tional evaluations of research as well as bibliometric and other indications

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show that the research councils have large supported research of to a extent good international standard in natural sciences, medicine, forestry and agri- Del5 culture. The mission—oriented agencies are, according to evaluations made, in cases good at selecting research projects, and in other cases not at all some successful. Furthermore, not very clear which authority the expert on research which combines scientific quality with usefulness for a sector or branch. The Council of Forestry and Agricultural Research has since a couple of large programme running on interdisciplinary research in forestry. years a According to the Helsinki team, however, the lack of interdisciplinary research within the Faculty of Forestry a serious weakness. The criticism presented by the Helsinki team as well as by the Wageningen team concerning too much fragmented research indicates that the external funding bodies have not been successful in building up integrated and coherent research programmes. Looking more generally at the present system for funding of research obvious that provides very few incentives to integrated and coherent research programmes and for interdisciplinary research. In order to establish a better balance in the RD system and to make work better the dogmatism of the present research policy should be abandoned. The research councils, having proved their ability to support basic research in a competent way, should continue to play an important part in the RD system. Their function should be to build up basic research within new fields and to transfer research activities, which they have established successfully and which should continue more or less permanently, to the universities. Mission-oriented research agencies should be given a similar function. Furthermore, several alternative models to build up and run research programmes should be allowed, i e a more pluralistic attitude should replace the present orthodox one. Funds and responsibility for developing new fields and for starting research programmes should be given to universities as well as to research councils and agencies. could for instance be done the same way as in Dutch universities, where "conditional research programmes" form an important part of the universities’ budgets. These programmes are examined carefully in advance and evaluated regularly. According to the commission there should be a peer review of such programme proposals in Sweden, followed an evaluation after a number of years. Depending on the nature of the programme, customers should be involved in the review and evaluation procedures. At the SUAS the conditions are in many respects favourable for developing and running such university programmes. There a tradition of having research programmes at the University and there are also well established connections and cooperation with various users, organisations and agencies within the fields of agriculture and forestry. According to the commission the present more or less permanent programme committees should be replaced by ad hoc thematic committees, responsible for the development and running of

21 English Summary

well-defined nsearch programmes or projects. The introduction of such committees would give better possibilities of making concentrated research efforts Del 5 and of shifting from one area to another. Thematic research committees are, according to tle commission, appropriate places for cooperation with private and public parners and joint funding of research projects and programmes. An obviou: starting-point for university—run research programmes at the SUAS would 3e the future needs of knowledge, presented at the commission’s initiativ: the Federation of Swedish Farmers and by representatives of the forest industry and the forest owners. These organisations have identified important issues and research fields in a ten—year perspective, and similar estimates lave been made also by public agencies. Other starting-points are the long—t-.rmresearch plans from the SUAS faculties, which will be revised in 1991. In order to fund university—mn research programmes at the SUAS some reallocatiors vithin the University should be made. Furthermore, funds for certain research programmes should be transferred to the SUAS from the Council of Ftrestry and Agricultural Research and the National Swedish Board for Fhvronment Protection. In addition,the Council of Forestry and Agricultural Research should, like its fellow rcsetrch councils in Natural Sciences and Medicine, hand over its well-establzshvd and successful customers and their grants to the SUAS, as well as to Cthtl‘unversities, instead of keeping them over long periods. The Council of Foestry and Agricultural Research should together with the Faculties at the SUAS identify research groups and projects which meet the requirements or being transferred to the University. Well—established research activities funded by mission-oriented agencies should be dealt with in a similar way.

2.5 Undergraduate and Education, Postgraduate

RecurrentEducation

The MS c programmes in Agriculture, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture are less expensive per student than the corresponding programmes in natural sciences and engineering at other universities. Examination rates are somewhat ligler at the SUAS. The number of applicants to the programmes in Agricultureand Horticulture has decreased considerably during the 1980s, whereas the pngramme in Landscape Architecture very popular at present. The MSc pngramme Agriculture the one most directly affected by the present and fuure changes of the Swedish agriculture and food policy. The situation rntre or less the same in many other countries. In for instance the United States the number of applicants to colleges of agriculture has decreased dranaically and brought about a re—orientation and restructuring of undergraduate education as well as of research in many universities. By emphasizing ervironmental aspects and natural resources, product quality and

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health issues, and by providing of science base for agricultural edumore a cation, some universities in the United States have managed to turn the tide. Del5 According to the Commission, and to the Wageningen team, similar solutions should be sought in Sweden. At the same time as the Commission has been doing its work there has been much activity going on at the Faculty of Agriculture. A SUAS review of the MSc programmes within the Faculty was presented before the Wageningen team made its evaluation. Later on committees set up by the Faculty have started to work on new curricula for the next academic year. According to the Commission, the observations by the Wageningen team on the present MSc programmes of the Faculty of Agriculture, i e that they are more aimed at training good professionals than academic scientists, should be taken seriously by the Faculty committees. The commission shares the view of the team that the MSc programmes should have a better science base and more well-structured alternative specializations later on in the programmes. The commission also in favour of the recommendations made by the team on better coordination of the various departments’ input in the teaching programme and more social science contents in the programmes. As to the team s recommendation to formalize the distinction between professional and academic training by creating different programmes or study-paths the commissions opinion that this should be done not only for the MSc programmes but also for the shorter programmes. The shorter programmes are part of the total supply of agricultural education, and the objectives for the various educations should be looked at together. Against the criticism presented by the Wageningen team could be said that the employers in general are very satisñed with the graduates from the Faculty of Agriculture. The students, however, are more critical to the teaching and they get support from the Wagcningen team. The commission wants to emphasize that the Swedish MSc programmes have to be good enough to stand comparison and competition with corresponding European programmes in a near future. There are many indications that a more solid science base will be needed, as well as a combination of fundamental and applied science and training in problem-solving. According to the commission the observations and recommendations made by the Wageningen team provide good help for the SUAS to improve the standard of the MSc programmes in Agriculture, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. The more detailed recommendations for each programme should be noted by the Faculty committees. The introduction of a BSc degree, proposed in the SUAS review of the MSc programmes, may be a good idea constructed as a part of the MSc programme. could facilitate international exchange of students. A BSc degree independent of the MSc programmes should, according to the commission, include combination of SUAS courses and other university courses

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in natural sciences, social sciences etc, and should be planned together with other universities. Del5 As to the geographic splitting-up of departments the commission agrees with the Wageningen team that a better and coordinated planning of the more courses and teaching programmes should be pursued and that more cooperation between departments needed Like the MSc programmes within the Faculty of Agriculture the MSc programme in Forestry less expensive per student than the university programmes in natural sciences and engineering, and the examination rate higher. The Forestry programme very popular and has had great number of a applicants each year during the 1980s. Also the Faculty of Forestry had started a review of its MSc programme prior to the appointment of the evaluation team. According made to a survey to various employers the graduates are very much appreciated on the labour market. The Faculty was, however, aware of the imbalance between its Umeå and Uppsala parts and the unsufñcient enrollment of graduates to the postgraduate programmes. The Facu1ty’s proposed remedy to introduce was a BSc degree in Forestry, separate from the MSc programme. should be offered in Uppsala with the purpose to recruit future doctoral students in Forestry. The employers reject the idea of a BSc degree with preparation for postgraduate studies as sole purpose, and so does the Commission. The Commission in favour of a BSc degree allowing combinations of forestry subjects with courses in agriculture, natural sciences, social sciences technology. or Such a degree does not, however, solve the problem with the unsufficient enrollment of graduates from the Faculty of Forestry in postgraduate programmes. According to the commission the MSc in Forestry programme should, like the MSc in engineering, be made an effective combination of professional and science-based education. The commissions recommendations on the MSc programme in Forestry, which part of a proposed coordinated action for undergraduate and postgraduate education as well as research, presented in section 2.3. The distribution of departments and resources between Uppsala and Umeå should be decided on by the Faculty of Forestry. The MSc programme in Veterinary Medicine is, with the respect to cost per student, the number of applicants study place and the demand from per the labour market, very similar to the university programme Medicine. The cost as well as the minimum requirements for admission terms of marks and other merits are among the highest in Swedish higher education, and the graduates are very much demand on the labour market. The examination rate for the MSc programme Veterinary Medicine even higher than for graduates in Medicine and hardly exceeded by any other university education. The Utrecht team has no objections as to the contents of the MSc programme or its professional and scientific level. According to the team the

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sou 1991;1oi

veterinary curriculum contains all the subjects required by the EC, and also all other respects compatible with EC guidelines. Weak points are, Del5 however, according to the team, that the students study only one subject at a time the block system, and that the students all follow one uniform programme, without elective subjects or optional programmes. In the self-evaluation report by the Faculty committee for undergraduate studies these issues are discussed, and obviously the committee aware of the problems. In the commissions opinion the Faculty should take the analyses and recommendations made by the Utrecht team seriously. The commission has noticed that in Europe as well as in the United States and Canada a certain specialization within the veterinary cuniculum being accepted by the national bodies which issue authorisation for veterinarians. According to the commission important that the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine follows the international development. The Commission also wants to emphasize the team s recommendations on continuing education and its advice that the Faculty should keep itself informed about the on-going discussions and the proposed solutions concerning undergraduate veterinary education in Europe. The Utrecht team recommendation to make the currirulum more flexible and include elective subjects, and bring about more integration of subjects, congruent with the views presented by the students and should be paid attention to in the review of the undergraduate teaching which the Faculty about to make. The Commission has observed that the staff to student ratio at the Faculty one of the highest in the European veterinary schools, according to the team, and that the total budget high for a faculty of its size. The cost per student about the same as for medical students, whereas other MSc programmes at the SUAS are less expensive than the corresponding university programmes. In order to reduce the cost for veterinary education the Faculty should examine what could be saved moving the education at Skara to Uppsala. Another reason to concentrate the education to Uppsala that would facilitate a certain specialization.

Teaching Methods The foreign evaluation teams are satisfied with the high degree of motivation for teaching among staff members as well as students. They are, however, dissatisfied with the dominant role of fact-finding and fact—knowledge in the courses and the examination, andifhey recommend more problem-analysis, synthesis, understanding and integration of courses, together with a different manner of examination. To some extent issues of teaching and examination are common to all higher education. Those more general pedagogic issues and methods are being dealt with by a commission under the Ministry of Education. can be

25 English Summary

expected that the more general pedagogic issues, also concerning the SUAS, will be discuzsed in connection with the report by that commission in the DeI5 beginning of ".992. The self-evaluations by the Committees for undergraduate studies at the SUAS as wel. as the opinions and proposals presented by the student representatives show that there an awareness of how different ways of teaching and examination affect the process of learning and the competence of the graduates. Accorling to the commission more emphasis basic science well on as as on problen-solving, integration and synthesis needed the Swedish MSc programnes are to be to high European standard. In the commisup a sions opinion, the evaluation teams’ observations and advice are most valuable contibutions to the committee work going about to start, at on, or the SUAS, aining at development and improvement of the undergraduate teaching. Loctl experiences and proposals from the various Committees for undergraduate studies and from student organisations should also be made use of.

Internationalisation

With some astonishment the commission has noticed that the international contacts and the international student exchange in undergraduate education at the SUAS has hardly been affected by the wave of European mobility that has hit the rest of :he universities and colleges under the Ministry of Education during the last few years. Undergraduate students at the SUAS may have some contacts with other Nordic countres and occasionally student has spent term at university in a a a the United States, on his her initiative. The SUAS has hardly or own any agreements w.th universities abroad on student exchange, whereas even the small university colleges under the Ministry of Education have several such agreements. Nordic cooperation a tradition for universities and colleges of agriculture and of great importance at the postgraduate level and in research. After the establishmenta couple of of regular Nordic for the years ago a programme exchange of ficulty and students the situation for undergraduate education has improved. The commission recommends that the international contacts and exchange be developed at the SUAS, including participation in the ERASMUS programme. The SUAS Faculties should find partner faculties abroad, preferably in Europe, and make agreements with them on exchange of undergraduate and postgraduate students, and on cooperation education and research. According :o the Commission the MSc should be planned in programmes such a way that the students spend term at foreign university can a or a year a and get credit for at home. At the universities of technology, for instance, has for quite some time been custom to send engineering student abroad for a

26 English Summary

SUAS also, like the other Swedish unitheir last year of study. The should versities, offer in English to foreign students. Del5 courses The SUAS has given priority to international contacts and cooperation in its long-term plan of 1989. The Commission recommends that the efforts be considerably increased With closer European and EC Contacts, and adjustments to systems and practice in other countries, can be expected that a grading system will be introduced at the SUAS. The foreign teams have recommended such a change.

Dimensioning of Undergraduate Education On the request of the commission a study has been made on the occupations and the occupational mobility of SUAS graduates on the labour market, the long-term effects of the present educational capacity of the SUAS, and the labour market demand. According to this study the number of SUAS graduates in gainful employment will increase during the next 10-15 years, then level off and decrease. The number of graduates in natural sciences will begin to decrease earlier, just after the year 2000, which means that the total number of graduates with a natural science or a SUAS degree, who are to a certain extent interchangeable on the labour market, will decrease from the year 2005. Engineers will, however, continue to increase considerably until 2020. The commission recommends that a long-term strategy be formulated for the dimensioning of the SUAS undergraduate programmes toghether with the planning authorities for the natural science undergraduate programmes. In a short—terrnperspective the number of new entrants to the MSc programme in Forestry should be increased. The number of graduates in Forestry in gainful employment will remain unchanged for a long time for each new graduate there will be a senior forester retiring. To ensure an increased enrollment of foresters in postgraduate education more graduates are needed. The intake to the MSc programme in Landscape Architecture should also be increased in the next few years. A large surplus of people with a short SUAS education, the 1-2 year programmes, expected in the near future, which a reason to reduce the present intake. A review of the shorter programmes is, however, going on at the SUAS.

Postgraduate Education The foreign evaluation teams have made observations and recommendations on postgraduate education which are worth listening to. The commission has also made use of some recently presented enquiries to doctoral students and

27 English Summary

supcrvisors, and initiated a comparative statistical study including other faculties at Swedish universities. Del5 The material available indicates that the quality f the theses does not seem to be very much of a problem, whereas the recruitment of doctoral students and the running of the postgraduate programmes call for actions of various kinds. As regards time of study and examination rate the SUAS does not differ significantly from similar faculties at other universities. The time of study for a Doctoral Degree in Agriculture or Forestry about the same as for a Doctor of Technology and somewhat shorter than for a Ph D Natural Sciences. A Doctoral Degree in Veterinary Medicine takes about the same time as a Degree in Medicine. The net study time in general close to four years, which the official norm. Even the examination rates at the SUAS hardly are lower than at other comparable faculties they are too low in the Commission s opinion. Generally, the examination rates in postgraduate education in Sweden are low, according to the commission. In the SUAS case the various enquiries and other material indicate that higher examination rates can be attained by a better financial support and by a more adequate organisation of the postgraduate studies. According to the commission the SUAS should continue to give priority to posts for doctoral students, which up to now has meant certain improvements. A more even and well-balanced distribution 0: doctoral students among departments and fields should be aimed at, and the doctoral training should be made more effective. A more well—structured supervision needed in many cases as well as a more organised postgraduate teaching. Doctoral training should to a larger extent be organised in research groups. In order to facilitate the formation of such research groups, and also to increase the offer of postgraduate courses, there should be increased cooperation within the SUAS and also with other universities in Sweden and abroad. The Nordic cooperation, which has long traditions, could be made more use of, particularly by departments with very few doctoral students. Foreign partner faculties could in a similar way supplement the resources at the SUAS. Study visits to foreign universities or research institutes should be regarded as a regular part of a postgraduate education. The commission also recommends that the overall responsibility for postgraduate teaching be transferred from the University level the Council for Postgraduate Studies to the faculty level. According to the Helsinki team probable that a more active management of postgraduate studies could be achieved at the faculty level. Postgraduate courses common to all SUAS students could be planned and implemented as a cooperative effort the faculty level councils.

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Recurrent Education Del5 Within all the SUAS faculties recurrent education has to be given a more prominent role. In the commissions opinion this one of the most reliable predictions that can be made today. At the SUAS recurrent education being arranged mainly as commissioned education, paid for by various customers. Most of consists of short lasting couple of days. Some longer course have, however, courses, one or a recently been developed. According to the commission there should be a supply of single at the SUAS in the same way as at the other univercourses sities, i such should be part of the University regular teaching and e courses funded the normal budget. The other universities offer single courses in over various disciplines and fields, lasting from a couple of weeks to a term or a Such could be developed at the SUAS in connection with the year. courses planning of broad BSc programmes. Distance education to be appropriate mode to reach professioappears an nals within various fields, needing further education. The distance courses developed at the Faculty of Forestry, which are part-time, longer courses, starting this academic good examples, according to the commission. year, are S0 the recently developed distance course in food science. They should be followed by similar further training courses within various fields. In the commission s opinion the Faculties should have the major responsibility as to further training programmes and contents of courses. The course and conference unit within the Universitys Research Information Centre could handle the practical arrangements and should continue to be in charge of the short courses and conference activities.

2.6 Research Information and Extension

Research information and extension are large and important activities at the SUAS, mainly due to the University’s leading role in Swedish agricultural research. According to the commission research information part of the departments’ normal tasks and activities. As the researchers create new knowledge they have responsibility of making available to the research community as a well to customers and users of various kinds. According to the Higher as Education Act the Swedish higher education institutions are obliged to furnish information research results. There should be a close connection between on research and the supply of information about its results. The commission recommends that each SUAS Faculty designates an information and extension coordinator, who under the dean responsible for making the results of the Faculty’s research available to the practical sector. The task to maintain contacts with farmers’ organisations, industry and society at large, to researchers to write extension level material and to encourage distribute should lie upon the Faculties.

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The present Research Information Centre should be responsible for common university functions within its field, for instance publishing but also Del5 other tasks that can benefit from being jointly organised. The commission recommends that the present staff category at the SUAS occupied only with research information and extension activities be better integrated into the university research. These people are in most cases very qualified, with a Ph D and research experience of their In the own. present system they have no career prospects at the SUAS. In the commissions opinion the system practised United States universities with part-time at some extension tasks and part-time research a more appropriate way of dealing with research information and extension. Accordingly, the commission recommends that a similar model be introduced at the SUAS, enabling the extension staff to pursue their academic part-time basis. careers on a A better integration of the extension activities into the research of the departments would also facilitate the participation of researchers in such activities. Initiating and producing syntheses of research results, which very much in demand by various users, should be a major responsibility of the research information coordinators. In this work cooperation between departments within different faculties sometimes needed, and should be organised by the deans and the coordinators.

2.7 Activities for

Developing Countries

The SUAS has been deeply involved in the Swedish assistance programmes for developing countries and has played an important part in the building up of competence at the Swedish International Development Authority SIDA. At the SUAS there an International Rural Development Centre, established to coordinate the contribution and participation from the Unversity and to run programmes on a Contract basis with the SIDA. The responsibility and funds for the build-up of Competence in Sweden and in developing countries lies, however, with another government agency, the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries SAREC. In the commission s opinion the cooperation between SIDA and SAREC should be developed in order to coordinate the building up of Competence and long-term assistance programmes within important fields such environas ment and production issues, use of land and other natural resources. The two agencies could also make joint efforts in supporting assistance from the SUAS in building up agricultural universities colleges in developing or countries. Funds for such purposes could of course be transferred directly to the SUAS, in that case as a reallocation of funds for international assistance. According to the commission the SUAS should adapt the needs to present and demands from the SIDA, i e an increased involvement of the departments and experts in various fields and limited function of the International a more

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Rural Development Centre. T0 bring the SUAS more in line with the actual demand the Faculties should take responsibility for the participation in Del 5 more international assistance programmes. In the cases where two or more Faculties are involved they should coordinate their efforts, with or without the help of the Centre. The main function of the Centre should be to act as an intennediary in contacts and practical issues, and its experience of work with developing countries should be made use of. Its present size should be reduced.

2.8 Relations to Various Partners and Customers

Other universities

The most extensive and well developed university cooperation in which the SUAS participates takes place at the Biomedical Centre BMC in Uppsala. The largest part of the BMC belongs to the University of Uppsala, where the Faculties of Medicine, Pharmacy and Natural Sciences are involved. The SUAS share of activities and cost about 15 %. When the College of Veterinary Medicine was moved from Stockholm during the 1970s to become a Faculty of the SUAS a long and well established cooperation with the Karolinska Institute was cut off. In Uppsala the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine has developed contacts and a close cooperation with the Faculty of Medicine, and also with the Faculty of Pharmacy, at the University of Uppsala, mainly at the BMC. Other faculties and departments are also engaged in research cooperation at the BMC, and there are many indications that the standard of the research at the centre very high. At the University of Uppsala, which by far the most important university partner to the SUAS, the attitude in favour of increased cooperation. One example ecology in connection with the transfer being made to the SUAS of some RD units from the National Swedish Board for Environment Protection. Technology another field of common interest Due to the location of the SUAS Faculties and departments there also cooperation with the Universities of Lund and Umeå. The Faculty of Technology at the University of Lund also an important partner to the Uppsala part of the SUAS, because of the present division of labour whithin food science, with food technology research in Lund. According to the commission there are favourable conditions for a further development of the cooperation with the Universities of Uppsala, Lund and Umeå, and the SUAS should make use of them. The commission sees advantages also in increased cooperation with other Swedish as well as foreign universities. According to the commissions study based on the Science Citation Index material and international scientific co—publication appears that the SUAS researchers are very much concentrated on cooperation with colleagues in the Nordic countries and the United States. Scientific cooperation with other European researchers less frequent. Probably the increased activity of

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SUAS researchers in various EC programmes will change the present networks. In the commission opinion the SUAS should not just wait for that DeI5 to happen but start developing contacts and cooperation. The SUAS should "get European". As already mentioned, European partner faculties one way to build up cooperation in undergraduate and postgraduate education as well as in research.

Partners in the Private Sector

The foreign evaluation teams have commented on the close relationship between the SUAS Faculties and their predecessors and the traditional agricultural society, the forest industry and others users, and the SUAS’ importance for the development of the sector. According to the Wageningen team there a low threshold for informal contact, and the SUAS easily accessible to interested people from the outside. After having interviewed a number of representatives of associations, organisation etc within agriculture, and food industry, the commissions impression that the SUAS regarded as a most valuable asset. There a strong wish to maintain and develop the SUAS competence on primary production. There cooperation going on also with other universities, with food technology at Lund as an example. The Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine have, however, a key position in generating relevant knowledge and making available to various users. There are extensive contacts and close cooperation of many kinds with the SUAS. The private agricultural sector has confidence in the University and wishes to continue to use for commissioned research. There are no plans to stan private RD institutes. The commission impression that the private agricultural sector accepts the reallocation of funds at the Faculty of Agriculture during the past ten years from applied research and development work to basic and strategic research. There an understanding of the importance of basic and strategic research. Even the applied research and development work the users’ first concern they are aware of the connection to basic research. As mentioned in section 2.2 private funding of applied research and experiments has increased during the 1980s. In principle, the Association of Swedish Farmers willing to continue to take on, successively, a greater responsibility for applied research and experimental work. A problem is, however, that the forthcoming change in Sweden from a regulated marketsystem with subsidies and administered internal prices to a market-regulated agriculture will entail a substantial loss of RD funding. In the present system part of the income channeled to RD. Approximately 80 Million SEK will disappear in the next few years. According to the commission the change into a market-regulated system not unique for Sweden and should not alter the division of labour between the SUAS and the private sector in funding of

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RD. In the commissions opinion appropriate technical solution should SOU l99l:l0l an be sought, for instance in the models presently used in Denmark or Germany. Del5 Also the private forestry sector considers the Faculty of Forestry an important source of knowledge and a valuable asset. Here, however, criticism expressed to the reduction of basic SUAS allocations to traditional forestry as fields, described in section 2.2 As can be seen in section 2.4 the commission shares the view of the forest industry and the forest owners and recommends that the present Swedish research policy be changed in order to avoid the unfortunate effects produced at the Faculty of Forestry, and probably at other university faculties as well. According to the commission most important that the position of the SUAS and its Faculty of Forestry as a "sector university" for forestry be restored substantial support for development. The commission wants to as a emphasize that the present broad competence of the Faculty of Forestry, including environmental aspects, an asset to the private forestry sector, which also aware of. As to other aspects of SUAS research activities and to MSc programmes the views from the private sector of agriculture and forestry are in many respects similar to the observations and recommendations made by the foreign evaluation teams. The forestry sector regards, for instance, the geographical splitting up of the Faculty of Forestry as a great problem. In agriculture, food science and forestry various associations and organisations within the private sector have, at the commission initiative, presented their research priorities for the next ten-year period. As mentioned in section 2.4 this material should be paid attention to in the forthcoming revision of the Faculties’ long-term plans for research and in identifying themes for university-run research programmes.

Government Agencies, Research Councils etc The SUAS also has a network with various government agencies. According to the National Swedish Board for Environment Protection the SUAS responded early stage to the demand for environmental research, and the Board at an considers the cooperation and activities satisfactory. Also with the Council of Forestry and Agricultural Research the SUAS relations appear to be all right, the Council would like stronger scientific leadership at the SUAS. even a The Royal Academy of Forestry and Agriculture emphasizes the importance of dynamic development, broad competence and future-orientation for a "sector university" like the SUAS, views that the commission very much agrees on. In fact, they summarize the main intentions behind the commission s recommendation on various changes at the SUAS.

The Board of Forestry and the former Board of Agriculture now replaced

by another agency have to the commission presented their views on research and education at the SUAS as well as their opinion on the research informa-

33 English Summary

tion and extension activities. The Boards part of the research information and SOU 199l:101 advice to farmers, forest owners etc has to operate in close connection with Del5 the SUAS extension activities. The views presented by the Boards have been paid attention to in the commission recommendations more emphasis on departments and researchers research information, the role of the extension staff, for instance.

2.9 Organisation and Governance

The SUAS Merger

According to the Commission, the motives for establishing in 1977 joint a higher education institution for Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine and Forestry are still valid.The increasing attention paid to environmental issues and to biological production and production during the 1980s, and the processes connection between environmental aspects of agriculture and forestry, have reinforced rather than weakened the arguments brought forward some ten years ago. The same can be said about food science and the need for cooperation between the Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. In order to successfully its mission the SUAS has be intepursue to an grated institution and its research, education, and other activities have to be of good quality according to international standards and useful the The to sector. sector perspective an integral part of the SUAS Even agriculture concept. and forestry have been made more explicitly part of wider during a context the 1980s, and many of the former objectives have been adapted to new overall priorities, there still a sector orientation behind all the University activities. An important advantage of a joint higher education institution for agriculture and forestry was to make better of actual and potential use common ground and common competence and to benefit from cooperation between related fields. The commissions review shows that the SUAS has been successful in carrying out its mission in respects. The long-term plans presented many have been relevant as well as future-oriented, and they have covered the whole SUAS field of responsibility. The RD development in agriculture and forestry during the 1980s to large focus the long-term came a extent to on objectives and areas of priority presented by the SUAS. The research activities are line with the international development and according are, to various indicators, of good quality and volume. A close cooperation has been developed animal science between the Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, and cooperation between other fields and in different forms has also taken place. A great deal remains to be done, however, in order benefit from to potential joint efforts and fruitful cooperation. Examples are plant science and soil science, and there are many others as well. The in 1977 intended merger was to prepare the ground for increased cooperation the faculties. among

34 English Summary

According the evaluation cooperation within each faculty also to teams, unsufñcient. Del5 A number of factors and circumstances have complicated or obstructed the close cooperation and integration aimed at by the SUAS merger. The geographic distribution and splitting up of faculties and departments according to the evaluation serious obstacle. The Faculty of Forestry affected by teams a this, in particular, with at present three locations of the MSc programme and four of research. According to the Commission, regional policy should not be the main consideration in decisions about the SUAS activities. Objectives and quality as to education and research should come first. As mentioned in section 2.3 the commission recommends that the Faculty of Forestry be concentrated to two centres, Uppsala and Umeå. Compared to the Faculty of Forestry the Faculty of Agriculture has an easier situation with the present two centres. Also within the Faculty of Agriculture is, however, inportant to improve the contacts and the cooperation between Uppsala and Alnarp and to emphasize the common identity. In the commissions opinion the proposal sometimes discussed to locate the MSc in Horticulture entirely to Alnarp not compatible with the SUAS basic concept of cooperation and joint use of resources. The importance of research on the science base of agriculture, and the high priority given to the development of this field in the United States and elsewhere, a strong argument for joint efforts and not for splitting up basic research in Sweden. In order to make better use of the cooperation potential created by the establishment of the SUAS the analyses and recommendations by the foreign evaluation teams, as well as the self—evaluations and other material from the Faculties, should be paid attention to by the SUAS at all levels. The commission does not recommend that the SUAS be transferred from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of Education. The advantages of being kept together with the agriculture and forestry sector seem to outweigh the disadvantage of being separated from the other universities.

Organisation and Administration There a large number of committees, councils and other bodies at different levels at the SUAS. At the same time the expenditure on administration lower than in most Swedish universities, according to a recent study. Obviously the merger has led to rationalisation and reduction of cost. In particular, the cost at the central University level at the SUAS low, compared with other universities. The central University level has been active in initiating common activities and cooperation at the SUAS. Even some satisfactory results and effects have been achieved that way has probably meant less pressure, and less incentives, at the levels more directly concerned. In the Commission s opinon

35 English Summary

there are good reasons to listen to the advice, unanimously given by the foreign evaluation teams, to give the Faculty level more responsibility and Del5 make a more active and forceful intermediary level. According to the teams the distribution of competencies between University, Faculties and Departments should be changed in such a way that the faculty can operate as a strong and coherent unit. The Commission recommends that the present large number of committees, councils etc be replaced by three levels in the SUAS organisation: University level, Faculty level and Department level, all with the authority to set up the committees and advisory councils they find necessary. On the University level overall decisions should be made on long-terrn planning, distribution of funds among the faculties, major issues and common affairs. The present University Board should be replaced by a smaller and more efficient Board. The majority should be external members, as the case in Swedish universities. They should not, however, represent various organisations and interests but be of use to the SUAS. Together they should cover the important aspects of the SUAS field of responsibility. At the University level there should also be an Academic Council, acting as a support to the University Board and to the Vice-chancellor in scientific matters. This Council should also be a forum for coordination and cooperation among the Faculties and with the University level. should consist of the Vice-chancellor, the University director, the deans and, in addition, a couple of researchers from the University. The present Planning and Budgeting Committees should be replaced by Faculty Boards. The Boards should be made responsible for planning, implementation and results in undergraduate education, postgraduate education and research as well as in research information and extension, further training programmes and participation in international assistance programmes. In the same way as the University Board the Faculty Boards should be small and efficient. The contacts and cooperation with associations and organisations within the sector of agriculture and forestry should, connection with the reduction of the size of the University Board, be developed at the faculty level. Inspired by the Helsinki team the commission recommends that Advisory Councils be established by each Faculty Board, with a majority of representatives of external partners and interested parties. According to the commission the present Faculty of Agriculture, which large and heterogenous, should be divided into two, one for Agriculture and one for Horticulture and Landscape Planning. The teaching and research in Horticulture and Landscape Architecture need more of their own profile and identity the SUAS structure. As mentioned earlier the present programme committees should be replaced thematic programme committees. The commission shares the view of the evaluation teams on the department level. The departments should be more actively involved in the planning of

36 English Summary

undergraduate teaching and in research cooperation. Departments have can a large degree of autonomy, but they should submit to faculty decisions and Del5 policies when tasks and goals are concerned, as the Utrecht team common puts it. The departments are affected by the proposed dividing up of the Faculty of Agriculture. Some departments should be common for the new faculties.

Direction and Governance The model of management by objectives practised at the SUAS, with longterm plans for development as one instrument, adequate in the commission’s opinon. should, however, be further developed. More involvement and engagement by the departments needed, mainly within the Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. Furthermore, the long—term plans need to be more of a setting of priorities than of an inventory. As the commission has emphasized in section 2.4 a large share of external research funding means that the Universities and Faculties are left with very limited influence on the research they perform. The commission’s recommendations on university-run programmes as an alternative to programmes rim by research councils and mission-oriented agencies would increase the faculties’ influence. Consequently, the Government and Parliament can to a larger extent direct the activities at the SUAS by policy and priority declarations. At the same time the unfortunate effects of the present system could be avoided. The most important potential for change and development is, however, the staff members and the students at the University. The commission s recommendations aim at stimulating and activating the resources within the SUAS for renewal and progress. The advice from the evaluation teams a good help, but also necessary to follow up and evaluate regularly what has been achieved. The recommendation to find partner faculties and to follow the international development within undergraduate teaching also meant as an incentive to make comparisons and get inspiration. As part of a more intensifred international cooperation can bring out more of the dynamics in the SUAS and facilitate adaptation to changes in the surrounding world and in the SUAS role.

37 English Summary

m L 5

..

Statens 1991

offentliga utredningar

Kronologisk förteckning

Flykting- och immigrationspolitiken. A. 33. Branden på Sally Albatross. Den 9-12 januari 1990. Finansiell tillsyn. Fi. Fö. Statensroll vid främjande av export. UD. 34. l-HV-smittade ersättning för ideell skada. Ju. - Miljölagstifmingen i framtiden. M. 35. Några frågor i anslutning till en arbetsgivarperiod Miljölagstiftningen i framtiden. Bilagedel. inom sjukpenningförsäkringen.S. Sekretariatets kartläggning och analys. M. 36. Ny kunskap och förnyelse. C. .°‘ Utvärdering av SBU. Statens Beredning för Ut- 37. Räkna med miljön Förslag till natur- och medicinsk metodik. S. miljöräkenskaper. Fi. värdering av 7. Sportslig och ekonomisk utveckling inom trav- 38.Räkna med miljön Förslag till natur- och och galoppsporten. Fi. miljöräkenskaper. Bilagedel. Fi. Beskattning av kraftföretag. Fi 39. Säkrare förare. K. Lokala sjukförsäkringsregister. 40. Marknadsanpassade service- och stabsfunktioner ny - 10. Affarstidema. C. organisation av stödet till myndigheter och regel 1.Affärstidema. Bilagedel. C. ringskansli. C. l2.Ungdom och makt. C. 41. Marknadsanpassade service- och stabsfunktioner ny - 13. Spelreglema på arbetsmarknaden.A. organisation av stödet till myndigheter och rege- 14.Den regionala bil- och körkortsadministrationen. K. ringskansli. Bilagedel. C. 15 Informationens roll som handlingsunderlag 42. Aborterade foster, m.m. . styrning och ekonomi. 43. Den framtida länsbostadsnämnden. Bo. 16.Gemensamma regler lagstiftning, klassifikationer 44. Examination som kvalitetskontroll i högskolan. U. och informationsteknologi. 45. Påföljdsfrågor. Frigivning från anstalt, m.m. Ju. 17.Forskning och utveckling epidemiologi, kvalitets- 46. Handikapp, Välfärd, Rättvisa. säkring och Spris utvecklingsprojekt. 47. På väg exempel på förändringsarbeten inom l8.Informationsstruktur för hälso- och sjukvården en verksamheter för psykiskt störda. utvecklingsprocess. 48. Bistånd genom internationella organisationer. UD. 19. Storstadens trañksystem. Överenskommelser 49. Bistånd genom internationella organisationer. om trafik och miljö i Stockholms- Göteborgs-och Annex Det multilaterala biståndets organisationer. Malmöregionema. K. UD. 20. Kapitalkostnader inom försvaret. Nya former för S0. Bistånd genom internationella organisationer. finansiell styrning. Fö. Annex Sverige och u-länderna i FN en återblick. - 21.Personregistreringinom arbetslivs-, forsknings- och UD. massmedieområdena, Ju. 51.Bistånd genom internationella organisationer. m.m. 22.Översyn av lagstiftningen om träñberråvara. Annex Särstudier.UD. 23.Ett nytt BFR Byggforskningen på 90-talet. Bo. 52. Alkoholbeskatmingen. Fi. - 24.Visst går det an Del 2 och C. 53. Forskning och teknik för flyget. Fö. 25.Frikommunförsöket. Erfarenheter av försöken med 54. Skola skolbarnsomsorg en helhet. U. - friare nämndorganisation.C. 55. Sveriges nationalrapport till FNs konferens om miljö en 26. Kommunala entreprenader. Vad är möjligt En och utveckling UNCED 1992. M. analys rättsläget och det statliga regelverkets 56. Kompetensutveckling en utmaning. A. av roll. C. 57. Arbetslöshetsförsälcringen finansierings- - 27.Kapitalavkastningen i bytesbalansen.Tre systemet. A. expertrapporter. Fi. 58. Ett nytt turistråd. 28. Konkurrensen i Sverige en kartläggning av konkur- 59. Konkurrens för ökad välfärd. Del rensförhållandena i 61 branscher.Del 1 och C. Konkurrens för ökad välfärd. Del 29.Periodiska hälsoundersökningari vissa statliga, Konkurrens för ökad välfärd. Bilagor. C. kommunala och landstingskommunala anställningar. 60.Olika men ändå lika. Om invandrarungdomar det i C. mångkulturella Sverige. C. 30.Särskolan-en primärkommunal skola. U. 61. Statens bostadskreditnämnd organisation och - 31. Statens arkivdepåer. En utvecklingsplan till år 2000. dimensionering. Bo. U. 62. Vissa särskilda frågor beträffande integritets- 32. Naturvårdsverkets uppgifter och organisation. M. skyddet ADB-området Ju.

Statens

offentliga utredningar

1991 Kronologisk förteckning

i3.Tillsynen över hälso- och sjukvården. 97. En väg till delaktighet och inflytande L4. Att förvalta kulturmiljöer. U. tolk för döva, dövblinda, vuxendöva, hörselska- - §5. Ett samordnatvuxenstudiestöd.U. dadeoch talskadade. L6. Hemslöjd i samverkan. 98. Kommunal ekonomi i samhällsekonomisk balans i7.Samhal1 i gâr, i dag, i morgon. A. statsbidragför ökat handlingsutrymme och nya i8. Frikommunförsöket. Erfarenheter av försöksverk- samarbetsformer. Fi. samheten med avsteg från statlig reglering C. 99. Statistiken inom livsmedelssektom förslag till m.m. - 9. Frikommunförsöket. Erfarenheter av försöksverk- förändringar. Jo. samheten med avsteg från statlig reglering 100.Neutral företagsbeskattning. Fi. m.m. Särskild bilaga. C. l0l. Landskap Näring Kunskap, del 1 -5. Jo. Ombudsmanför bam och ungdom. Teaternskostnadsutveckling 1975-1990 med särskilda studier av Operan, Dramaten och Riksteatern. U. En kreativ studiemiljö högskolebiblioteket som pedagogisk resurs. U. Vänersjöfarten. K. Krediter för utveckling. UD. Organiseradrasism. A. Miljön och förpackningarna M. Miljön och förpackningarna. Livscykelanalyser för förpackningsmaterial beräkning av miljöbelastning. Bilaga. M. Krav på förändring synpunkter från psykiskt störda och anhöriga. Det framtida trafrksäkerhetsarbetet.K. Kommunalt partistöd. C. Fastighetsleasing.Ju. Drivkrafter för produktivitet och välstånd. FoU för industriell utveckling. Svenskkollektivforskning 1991. Smuggling och tullbedrägeri. Fi. Historiska arrenden förslag till friköpslag. Ju. - Ny hyreslag. Bo. Yrkesofficeramas pensionsålderoch åldersstruktur. Fö. Stöd och samordning kring psykiskt störda ett kunskapsunderlag. - Försäkringsrörelsei förändring Fi. Konkurrensneutral energibeskattning.Fi. Forskning och utveckling för totalförsvaret. Kartläggning och probleminventering. Fö. Rätt till bostad om psykiskt stördasboende. - El från biobränslen. Det industriella utvecklingsarbetet. N. ELSU 91. Förslag till omfattning, organisation och finansiering av det svenskaelsäkerhetsarbetet.N. Översyn lagstiftningen kämenergiomrâdet M. av Lantmäteriutbildningar i Luleå och Lund. Bo.

1991 Statens offentliga utredningar

Systematisk förteckning

Justitiedepartementet På exempel förändringsarbeteninom

väg -

verksamheter för psykiskt störda 47 Personregistreringinom arbetslivs-, forsknings- och Tillsynen över hälso- och sjukvården. 63 massmedieornrådena,m.m. 21 Ombudsmanför barn och ungdom. 70 HIV-smittade ersättning för ideell skada. 34 Krav på förändring synpunkter från psykiskt Påföljdsfrågor. Frigivning från anstalt, m.m. 45 störda och anhöriga. 78 Vissa särskilda frågor beträffande integritetsskyddet Stöd och samordningkring psykiskt störda på ADB-området. 62 ett kunskapsunderlag.88 Fastighetsleasing. 81 - Rätt till bostad om psykiskt stördas boende 92 förslag till friköpslag. 85 - Historiska arrenden- En väg till delaktighet och inflytande

tolk för döva, dövblinda, vuxendöva, hörselskadade -

Utrikesdepartementet och talskadade. 97

Statens roll vid främjande av export. 3

internationella organisationer. 48 Kommunikationsdepartementet

Bistånd genom

Bistånd genom internationella organisationer. Annex Den regionala bil- och körkortsadministrationen. 14

Det multilaterala biståndets organisationer. 49 Storstadens trafrksystem. överenskommelser om

Bistånd genom internationella organisationer. Annex trafik och miljö i Stockholms- Göteborgs- och Malmö-

Sverige och u-ländema i FN en återblick. 50 regionerna 19 - Bistånd genom internationella organisationer. Annex Säkrareförare 39

Särstudier. 51 Vänersjöfarten 73

Krediter för utveckling. 74 Det framtida trafiksäkerhetsarbetet. 79

Finansdepartementet Försvarsdepartementet

Finansiell tillsyn. 2 Kapitalkostnader inom försvaret. Nya former för Sportslig och ekonomisk utveckling inom trav- och finansiell styrning 20 galoppsporten. 7 Brandenpå Sally Albatross. Den 9-12 januari 1990. 33 Beskattning av kraftföretag. 8 Forskning och teknik för flyget. 53 Kapitalavkasmingen i bytesbalansen. Yrkesofficeramas pensionsålder och ålderssmrktur. 87 Tre expertrapporter. 27 Forskning och utveckling för totalförsvaret. Räkna med miljön Förslag till natur- och miljö- Kartläggning och probleminventering. 91 räkenskaper. 37

Räkna med miljön Förslag till natur- och miljö-

Socialdepartementet räkenskaper. Bilagedel. 38

SBU. Statens Beredning för Ut-värde- Alkoholbeskattningen. 52 Utvärdering av metodik. 6 smuggling och tullbedrägeri. 84 ring av medicinsk sjukförsäkringsregister 9 Försäkringsrörelsei förändring 89 Lokala Informationens roll handlingsunderlag styrning Konkurrensneulral energibeskattning. 90 som och ekonomi. l5. Kommunal ekonomi i samhällsekonomiskbalans

Gemensamma regler lagstiftning, klassifrkationer och statsbidrag för ökat handlingsutrymme och nya - informationsteknologi. l6. samarbetsformer.98

Forskning och utveckling epidemiologi, kvalitetssä- Neutral företagsbeskattrting. 100 kring och Spris utvecklingsprojekt. 17.

Informationsstmktur för hälso- och sjukvården en Utbildningsdepartementet

utvecklingsprocess. l8. primärkommunal skola. 30 Särskolan-en Några frågor i anslutning till en arbetsgivarperiod inom utvecklingsplan till âr 2000. Statens arkivdepåer. En sjukpenningförsäkringen. 35 31

Aborterade foster, m.m. 42 kvalitetskontroll i högskolan. 44 Examination som Handikapp, Välfärd, Rättvisa. 46 Skola skolbarnsomsorg helhet. 54 - - en Att förvalta kulturmiljöer. 64

Statens

offentliga utredningar

förteckning

Systematisk

Ettsamordnatvuxenstudiestöd.65 Visst går det an Del 2 och 24 Teaternskostnadsutveckling 1975-1990 Frikommunförsöket. Erfarenheter av försöken med ned särskilda studier av Operan, Dramaten en friare nämndorganisation.25

ch Riksteatern. 71 Kommunala entreprenader.Vad är möjligt En analys kreativ studiemiljö högskolebiblioteket som av rättslägetoch det statliga regelverketsroll. 26 cdagogisk resurs. 72 Konkurrensen i Sverige en kartläggning av konkur- rensförhållandenai 61 branscher.Del 1 och 28

lordbruksdepartementet Periodiska hälsoundersökningari vissa statliga, kom-

munala och landstingskommunalaanställningar. 29 ltatistiken inom livsmedelssektom förslag till - Ny kunskap och förnyelse. 36 örändringar. 99 .andskapNäring Kunskap, del l 101 Marknadsanpassadeservice- och stabsfunktioner ny - - organisation stödet till myndigheter och av regeringskansli. 40

irbetsmarknadsdepartementet

Marknadsanpassadeservice- och stabsfunktioner ny lykting- och immigrationspolitiken. 1 organisation av stödettill myndigheter och regepelreglema på arbetsmarknaden.13 ringskansli. Bilagedel. 41

iompetensutveckling en utmaning. 56 Konkurrens för ökad välfärd. Del rrbetslöshetsförsälcringen finansieringssystcmct. 57 Konkurrens för ökad välfärd. Del —— amhall i går, i dag, i morgon. 67 Konkurrens för välfärd. ökad Bilagor. 59 rganiserad rasism. 75 Olika men ändalika. Om invandrarungdomari det mångkulturella Sverige. 60

lostadsdepartemntet Frikommunförsöket. Erfarenheter försöksverk-

av BFR Byggforskningen på 90-talet. 23 samhetenmed avsteg frän statlig reglering m.m. 68 nytt ten framtida länsbostadsnämnden.43 Frikommunförsöket. Erfarenheter av försöksverktatens bostadskreditnämnd organisation och samheten med avsteg från statlig reglering m.m. imensionering. 61 Särskild bilaga. 69

hyreslag. 86 Kommunalt partistöd. 80

antmäteriutbildningar i Luleå och Lund. 96

Miljödepartementet

ndustridepartementet Miljölagstiftningen i framtiden. 4

Miljölagstifmingen i framtiden. Bilagedel. tversyn av lagstiftningen om träfiberråvara. 22 Sekretariatetskartläggning och analys. 5 nytt turistråd. 58 Naturvårdsverketsuppgifter och organisation. 32 emslöjd i samverkan66 Sverigesnationalrapport till FNs konferens om miljö h-ivkrafter för produktivitet och välstånd. 82 och utveckling UNCED 1992. 55 oU för industriell utveckling. Svenskkollektiv- arskning 1991. 83 Miljön och förpackningarna. 76 Miljön och förpackningarna. Livscykelanalyser

Jéiringsdepartementet för förpackningsmaterial beräkning av

miljöbelastning. Bilaga. 77 från biobränslen. Det industriella utvecklingsarbetet. Översyn av lagstiftningen kämenergiområdet.95 3

LSU 91. Förslag till omfattning, organisation och ,nansiering av det svenskaelsäkerhetsarbetet.94

Iivildepartementet

rffärstidema. 10

rftärstidema. Bilagedel. 11 lngdom och makt.l2

i

Y

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