Opinion of Mr Advocate General Jacobs delivered on 27 January 1994

1 Original language: English.

2 Case C-386/92 Monin Automobiles [1993] ECR I-2049.

3 Case 16/65 Schwarze v Emfuhr-itnd Vorratsstelle Getreide [1965] ECR [1965] ECR 877 at 886.

4 Casc C-83/91 Mediche [1992] ECR I-4871.

5 Joined Cases C-320/90 to C-322/90 Telemarsicabruzzo & Others [1993] ECR I-393.

6 Casc C-157/92 Banchero [1993] ECR I-1085.

7 Above, note 1.

8 Registered as Casc C-387/93.

9 OJ 1972 L 103, p. 1.

10 OJ 1984 L 8, p. 17.

11 Loi belge du 21 novembre 1989 relative à l'assurance obligatoire de la responsabilité civile en matière de véhicules automoteurs. Moniteur beige, 8 December 1989.

12 Loi belge du 1 juillet 1956 relative à l'assurance obligatoire de la responsabilité civile en matière de véhicules automoteurs, Moniteur helge, 15 July 1956.

13 Sec Case 148/78 Pubblico Ministero v Ratti [1979] ECR 1629.

14 See for example Case 157/84 Fraseogna v Caisse des Depots et Consignations [1985] ECR 1739.

15 See e. g. Joined Cases 98,162 & 258/85 Bertini v Regione Lazio [1986] ECR 1885, paragraph 8; Joined Cases 2 to 4/82 Delbaize Frères v Belgian State [1983] ECR 2973, paragraph 9.

16 See in particular Case 152/84 Marshall v Southampton ana Soitth-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Marshall I) [1986] ECR 723.

17 Case C-91/92.

18 Marshall I, cited above in note 15, paragraph 48.

19 Case 43/75 Defrenne v Sabena [1976] ECR 455. paragraphs 39 and 40.

20 See e. g. Pescatore, L'effet des directives communautaires, une tentative de démythification, Dalloz 1980, chronique XXV.

21 See Article 191 (1) and (2) of the EC Treaty as amended by the Treaty on European Union.

22 See Case 98/78 Radie v Himptzollamt Mainz [1979] ECR 69, paragraph 15.

23 Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1.

24 See e. g. Case C-213/89 Factortame [1990] ECR I-2433 and Case C-271/91 Marshall II, judgment of 2 August 1993.

25 See e. g. Manin, L'invocabilité des directives: quelques interrogations, Revue Tńmestńelle de Droit Européen, 1990, p. 669; Emmert, Horizontale Drittwirkung von Richtlinien? Lieber ein Ende mit Schrecken als ein Schrecken ohne Ende!, in Europäisches Wirtschaftsund Steuerrecht, 1992, p. 56; Boch and Lane, European Community Law in national courts: a continuing contradiction, Leiden journal of International Law, 1992, p. 171; Van Gerven, The horizontal effect of directive provisions revisited —the reality of catchwords, Institute of European Public Law, University of Hull, 1993; Emmert and Pereira de Azevedo, L'effet horizontal des directives. La jurisprudence de la CJCE: un bateau ivre?, Revue Tńmestrielle de Droit Européen, 1993, p. 503; Mangas Martín, in Rodríguez Iglesias and Liñán Nogueras (eds.), El derecho comunitario europeo y su aplicación judicial, 1993, at 77-79.

26 See Marshall I, paragraph 31.

27 Joined Cases C-6/90 & C-9/90 Francovich & Others [1991] ECR I-5357.

28 Sec the Opinion of Advocate Genera! Van Gcrven of 26 January 1993 in Case C-271/9I Marshall II, note 23 above, paragraph 12, and the authors cited at note 24 above.

29 Sec Case C-18S/89 Foster v British Gas [1990] ECR I-3313.

30 See for an extreme example Case C-106/89 Marleasing [1990] ECR I-4135.

31 Above, note 18.

32 See Case 80/86 Kolpingbuis Nijmegen [1987] ECR 3969; see also my Opinion in Joined Cases C-206/88 and C-207/88 Vessoso and Zanetti [1990] ECR I-1461, paragraphs 24 and 25.